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Verb Conjugation - Present Tense Affirmative and Negative



Japanese has 3 classes of verbs, ru, u and irregular (irr.) verbs. First, I will explain the different classes.

Ru verbs end in ru. Not all verbs ending in ru are ru verbs though. Generally a ru verb will have e or i before the final ru character. For example, "taberu" (to eat), "okiru" (to wake).

U verbs will generally have a, o or u as the last letter before the final character. You will see this in more detail in the conjugation charts below.

Irr. verbs. Japanese has a few irregular verbs. Unfortunately with these, you just have to learn them as you go along. The most common irr. verbs are: "suru" (to do) and "kuru" (to come)



Affirmative conjugation



dictionary form - long/"masu" form



RU verbs



taberu - tabemasu (to eat)



U verbs



kau ------> kaimasu (to buy)

matsu ----> machimasu (to wait)

toru -----> torimasu (to take pictures)

yomu -----> yomimasu (to read)

asobu ----> asobimasu (to play)

shinu ----> shinimasu (to die)

kaku -----> kakimasu (to write)

iku ------> ikimasu (to go)

isogu ----> isogimasu (to be busy)

hanasu ---> hanashimasu (to speak)



As you can see, to conjugate this verb class, change the last letter in the dict form to i.



Irr. verb



suru -----> shimasu (to do)

kuru -----> kimasu (to come)



Present Tense Negative



Present tense negative is formed the same way as pres. affirmative, except you add masen instead of masu.



Thats it for this lesson. Any questions, ask me.

delicious - oishii

restroom - otearai

America - amerika

England - igirisu

China - chuugoku

mother - haha

father - chichi

expensive - takai

jyaa - then, if that's the case

doomo - thank you



please (f) - (~o) onegaishimasu

please give me - (~o) kudasai

here it is - (~o) doozo



please speak slowly - yukkuri itte kudasai

please say it again - moo ichido itte kudasai

please wait - chyotto matte kudasai



I understand - wakarimasu

I don't understand - wakarimasen

This, that, the one over there and which.



Kore - this (by me)

Sore - that (by you)

Are - that one (over there, near neither of us)

Dore (ga) - Which one?



This series is used when not being specific, like saying "this one", instead of "this pen." This series stands alone as a noun, ie "kore wa ikura desu ka" (how much is this one)



Kono - this ~

Sono - that ~

Ano - that ~ (over there)



This series is used when being more specific, like "kono hon wa ikura desu ka" (how much is this book)



Koko - here

Soko - there

Asoko - over there

Doko - Where?



This series is used for places.

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The wa particle



Wa (written as ha) is used to denote the subject of the sentence. Ie, Tanaka-san wa nihon jin (Mr. Tanaka is Japanese).

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The mo particle



Mo is used to say, "item A is this, and item B is this, too". Ie, Kono hon wa takai desu. Sono hon mo takai desu. (This book is expensive. That book is expensive, too.)



This particle can only been used when the two subjects share the same property. Mo must follow the subject.

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Forming a negative sentence



Noun jya arimasen. Ie Neko jya arimasen (it's not a cat)

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Ne/Yo



Ne is used to seek confirmation or agreement. Ie, samui desune? (It's cold, isn't it?)



Yo is like saying "I tell you" and acts to make the statement authorative. Ie, samui desuyo! (I tell you, it's cold!)