I can be generous with my time and energy and make a good friend.
I expect others to be similar and I will not put up with being messed about.
I'm well organised and willingly take on responsibility as I prefer being in charge of my environment.
Time is important to me and I like to use it wisely.
You enjoy working towards targets as this enables you to use your time wisely.
Wasting time is an anathema to you.
Never could the saying "time is money" be more true than when applied to you.
You never seem to take time out and this is a challenge you'll need to deal with.
You refuse to be "messed about", and when others disturb your work pattern you become frustrated and can be very angry.
You’ve just taken a huge leap towards understanding yourself.
You are cynical about all types of personality profiling.
With you seeing is believing and no amount of telling you that it works will suffice.
You always like to be in charge of your own destiny.
Applying for unsuitable jobs would prove a real frustration to you.
The "Be Your Own Boss" report would be ideal for you, as people like you often end up running the company.
Controlling your environment and acceptance of responsibility are food and drink to you.
There's even better news - you’ve already done all the hard work !
There's no need to complete the questionnaire again - your full reports are already produced.... try before you buy!
"Vampiric" Familiars: A Treatise
23:49:26 - Jan 04 2007
Times Read: 81
Vampiric familiars do not at all resemble by definition those ascribed to witches and witchcraft (i.e., spirits/demons in animal form).
In actual "vampirism" as actually existed anciently before they were vilified and forced to "separate themselves" (as per the Bible: Jude v. 19), and become "wandering stars" (ibid. v. 13), the term "familiars" had a very specific meaning.
For the true vampire (i.e., those of the Rephaimic bloodline and in possession of the true "Dark" Gift), familiars are human females who have had their full insatiable eroto-emotional potentials fully awakened by a Rephaimic male possessing equal sensual and emotional capacity. As such a singularly powerful awakening for a heterosexual female is possible only through days'-long communal bonding together with her "vampire" sire, she attains therein a hunger and thirst previously unimagined, and one that through and with him alone she can find fully though temporarily quenched. She then is privileged to become one of his most intimate companions, his "familiar" with whom he will forever continue to feed... and be fed by her, in return.
Ironically, one of the best definitions of "familiar" as most closely describes the term in true vampirism is found in Roman Catholicism's own website: www.newadvent.org.
There, "Familiars" are defined as:
"Strictly speaking, seculars subject to a master's authority and maintained at his expense. In this sense the idea embodies service rendered to masters, as well as wages, board, and lodging provided by the masters. In canon law the term usually signifies seculars residing in monasteries and other religious houses, actually employed therein as servants and subject to the authority of the regular prelate to the same extent as servants are subject to their masters. Many of the privileges and exemptions granted to religious are accorded their familiars. For this reason familiars validly receive absolution from a confessor approved by the regular prelate, or from one approved by the ordinary of the place where the house is located. In like manner, familiars actually dwelling in a monastery may receive their Easter Communion in the church or chapel of the monastery. Extreme unction and Viaticum may also be administered to them in the monastery. Boys boarding in colleges or academies supervised by religious or by diocesan clergy, and girls boarding in convents conducted by sisterhoods, practically enjoy the same privileges as familiars."
- http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05781c.htm
While the above definition, being here a religious term, is obviously not the same as it applies in true Rephaimic "vampirism," yet there are many striking parallels.
A true "Familiar" is neither slave nor free; she is a voluntary devotee -- heart, body, and soul -- to him who rebirthed her, who awakened her to her full true potentials by possessing within himself (as normal mortal males do not) all such capacities fully matured as usually lie dormant, unknown, unexperienced, and thus untapped, in almost all females.
The Nephilim
There are many different opinions as to where and how vampires came into existence. Those who do not look to Egypt for the origin of their kind often fall back upon the Bible. The Old Testament tradition is rich in symbolism, and as one of the oldest pieces of literature known to the West, the myths of the Bible have become a potent and integral part of the Western imagination. These ancient stories still speak profoundly to a wide variety of people, and so it is no wonder that vampires as well find fertile ground for their beliefs in this ancient text.
The story of the Nephilim appeals to some vampires, and I have encountered separate groups which, independently of one another, chose to identify their vampirism with an inheritance from the Nephilim.
The Nephilim were children of angels who came down to earth for the purpose of sleeping with the daughters of men. The children of these unions were invariably tall, strong, and especially attractive. They were skilled at many things, including magick, divination, art, music, and warfare. They stood out among the ordinary masses of humanity as great souls and leaders among men. But their arrogance prompted the God of the Old Testament to incite the
Flood and destroy them all.
Although the Nephilim are given a brief mention in the Bible, the full story of the Watcher Angels appears in an extra-Biblical text known as the Book of Enoch. The following story, told in the narrative style of the Old Testament, was submitted by a group from the Chicago area. Although it is not a word for word interpretation of the Enochian text, it is an interesting retelling of the ancient tale.
The very last portion, in particular the injunction against drinking blood, is taken directly out of the Book of Leviticus.
Thus it is written in the Book of Enoch:
The sons of god looked down upon the daughters of men and they found them fair. But it was forbidden for the sons of god to leave Heaven
and walk the Earth. They were overcome with lust for the daughters of men and they greatly desired them. And so a group among themconspired to leave Heaven and go down to Earth.
They left their place from on high. They left the gates of Heaven behind them, and they descended to the Earth. Those who left the
hosts of Heaven to walk upon Earth among men became known as the Nephilim.
The Nephilim took to wife the daughters of men and they begat children upon them. And the children were part divine and partly mortal. The children grew rapidly and to great stature. Their bodies were fair and smooth of limb like their fathers, and their minds were keen. Their eyes looked upon the worlds of both Heaven and Earth. The mysteries hidden from men were revealed to their divine sight.
These children of the Nephilim were proud. They became great leaders among men. They undertook to teach their mortal brethren the secrets reserved for the gods. They taught men the art of warfare and how to make weapons in fire. They taught men how to adorn themselves. The art of cosmetics and the wearing of jewelry they taught them. They taught men the secrets of healing herbs and how to call spirits by name. They taught men how to read signs in the heaves. Various omens and divinings they taught them. They taught men how to bring forth water in the desert and how to make plants yield bountiful fruit. All the arts and the sciences which the gods had forbidden they taught to men. They taught them the secrets of living things, that the spirit of a living body resides in its blood, and bypartaking of blood, the partaker of the blood gains the power of the creature whose life is in the blood.
When the Lord God looked down upon the Earth, he saw men living like gods. And the Lord God grew angry. He saw that men no longer poured the blood sacrifices upon the altar but kept the life of the blood to increase their own strength. He saw the men with the tools of the gods, making the Earth bountiful as only the gods should do. He saw them piercing the mysteries of the heavens so that their knowledge of themselves and their world rivaled that of the gods. And he saw them with great weapons of war, weapons which only the gods kept for themselves, and he grew afraid.
The Lord God saw the children of the Nephilim amongst the children of men, teaching them. And he saw that the children of the Nephilim had become great leaders of men. And he feared that the children of the Nephilim would lead the children of men to the very gates of Heaven to reclaim the realm forsaken by their fathers.
And so the Lord God undertook to punish the Nephilim and wipe their seed from all the Earth. Yet they had so intertwined themselves with the children of men that nearly all men bore the Nephilim's taint. So the Lord God hardened his heart against all mankind and therefore determined to kill every last one.
The Lord God prepared to visit a great Flood upon the Earth which would kill all living things and wash away all the works of the Nephilim. He called together the great hosts of Heaven in council about his throne to prepare for this Flood. The heavenly hosts did not wish to see all men destroyed, and so they pleaded that one household of men should be found and saved before the coming of the waters. The Lord God decreed that this one household must be
completely free from the Nephilim's taint, having neither lied down beside them nor learned the Nephilim's arts. This household should still observe the blood sacrifices and must not partake of any portion of the blood for themselves. And if such a household could be found, the Lord God allowed that they be warned.
The Lord God sent his hosts searching all the Earth for one household free of the Nephilim's taint. And they came upon the man named Noah, and his parents and his parents before them had never lied down with one of the Nephilim. Neither had he learned of the Nephilim's arts. And Noah was faithful to his god, and he made the blood sacrifices and neither did he partake of any portion of the blood himself. And so it was determined that Noah would gather all his household to him: his sons and his daughters, and the wives of his sons. And they were to build a great ark and gather into it seven pairs of every living creature so that the Earth would not be desolate when the waters of the Flood subsided.
So Noah gathered to him his sons and the wives of his sons. Also did he gather together his daughters. These pleaded with their father to bring along their husbands as well. And yet the daughters of Noah were married to men who shared blood with the children of the Nephilim. And though many of the Nephilim's ways and their arts were lost amidst the Flood, even so did the line of the Nephilim live on through the children of Noah.
And when the Lord God saw that Noah and his household had survived the floodwaters, he made a covenant with him. The Lord God blessed Noah and swore never again to doom the Earth and all of its creatures to a flood. And so that the evil of the Nephilim was truly cleansed from on the Earth, God said to Noah: "Flesh with its lifeblood still in it you shall not eat. For your own lifeblood, too, I will demand an accounting. And if anyone partakes of any blood, I will set myself against that one who partakes of blood and cut him off from among his people. Since the life of a living body is in its blood, I have made you put it on the altar, so that atonement may thereby be made for your own lives, because it is the blood, as the seat of life, that makes atonement. The blood is for the gods alone."
These skulls were photographed by Robert Connolly on his trip around the world during which he was collecting materials about ancient civilizations. The discovery of unusual skulls was thus an unintended "spinoff" of his efforts. Robert Connolly published his photographs on a CD-ROM, titled "The Search For Ancient Wisdom", Cambrix, 1-800-992-8781, in 1995.
The data about the skulls is incomplete, and that makes the correct assessment of their age, context with other hominids, as well as placement of their origin extremely difficult. Some of the skulls are very distinct, as if they belong to entirely different species, remotely similar to genus Homo. The first thing that attracts attention is the size and shape of the cranium in all the specimens. There are 4 different groups represented in the pictures. As a matter of convenience, I labeled them "cone-head", "jack-o-lantern" or "J" and "M" based on the shape of the skull, except the first and possibly earliest type of skull, which I call "premodern".
When some of these pictures (the first two) were posted on CompuServe more than year ago, the majority of people assumed that they represented an example of binding of the head, well known to be in fashion in ancient Nubia, Egypt and other cultures. The problem with this theory is that the inside of the cranium of the mentioned skulls, although elongated and with a back sloping, flattened forehead, have the same capacity as normal human skulls; the only difference is the shape achieved by frontal and side deformations. They are actually more similar to the first type of skull (premodern) with the rounded back, than the cone-head type. The cone-shaped types of skull are not found amongst the usual skull-binding samples.
The first skull presents problems of its own. The frontal part of the skull seems to belong to an individual of the pre-Neanderthal family, but the lower jaw, though more robust than modern human type, has a modern shape and characteristics. The shape of the cranium does not have any comparison with the Erectus, Neanderthal types, nor the modern human type. Some minor Neanderthal characteristics are present, as is the occipital ridge on the bottom back of the skull and the flattened bottom of the cranium, other characteristics point more towards Homo Erectus. The angle of the cranial bottom is, though, unusual. We cannot exclude the possibility of a deformed individual in this case, but it is highly unlikely that the angle of the frontal part would require a modification of the lower jaw in the process of growing to resemble modern human types with their projected chin rim. The answer seems to be that the skull belongs to a representative of an unknown premodern human or humanoid type.
As is obvious from the comparison with a modern human skull, the cranial capacity lies within the modern human range. This is not surprising, since the late Neanderthals and early modern humans (Cro-Magnon) had larger cranial capacities (both roughly 1600 cm3 to 1750 cm3) than modern humans (av. 1450 cm3). The decrease of the cranial capacity (sudden at that -- the specimens of modern humans after about 10500 BCE have smaller craniums) is a puzzling matter, but that's another story.
No less puzzling is what a representative of a premodern human type is doing on the South American continent. According to the orthodox anthropology, this skull simply does not exist, because it cannot be. Textbooks' oldest date of appearance of humans in North America is about 35000 BC and much later for South America, based on the diffusion theory assumptions. The only accepted human types entering the continent are of the modern anatomy. There are some other sources that place all types of human genus in both Americas at much earlier dates based on numerous anomalous finds, but the academe sticks to its preconceived notions, no matter what. It's safer.
Premodern
The "premodern" skull and the following three specimens were found in the Paracas region of Peru. It does not necessarily mean that they are related. There is some possibility that the "premodern" is in fact a precursor of the "cone-head" type, but since we do not have any dating analysis at hand, we may only speculate in this regard.
Figure C1
The "cone-head" type is very unusual because of the cranial shape. Here we have three specimens, which exclude the possibility of random or artificial deformation (the already mentioned Nubian deformations had quite a number of individual variations). They have individual characteristics within the range of overall morphology. There is no doubt that they are closely related and possibly represent quite a distinct branch of the genus Homo, if not an entirely different species.
Figure C2
Figure C3
The comparison of the C1 with a modern human skull has slight inaccuracies, caused by a degree of distortion when rotating the skull shape into position. As is obvious from C2 and C3, the angle of the bottom part of the cranium does not deviate from normal. However, the general proportions are correct.
The enormity of the cranial vault is obvious from all three pictures. By interpolation, we can estimate the minimum cranial capacity at 2200 cm3, but the value can be as high as 2500 cm3.
The shape of the skull may be a biological response - a survival of the species mechanism - to increase the brain mass without the danger of relegating the species to extinction and keeping a viable biological reproduction intact. However, since we do not see the representatives of the "cone-head" type in modern population, something prevented the type becoming as widespread as it is in the case of present-day moderns.
Type "J"
The "J" type of skull presents different sets of problems. It is an equivalent of the modern type of skull in all respects, with only several factors out of proportion. Less significant is the size of eye sockets which are about 15% larger than in modern populations. More significant is the enormity of the cranial vault. The estimated cranial capacity ranges between minimum of 2600 cm3 to 3200 cm3.
Type "M"
Again, the age of the specimen is unknown and so far I am not aware of other specimens of this type. The variation on a theme may be the "M" type of skull which is even more bizarre than all the previous skulls.
The "M" type of skull is incomplete, as the lower part of the facial area is concerned. What is apparent from the remnants of the facial portion is that the characteristics are entirely within the range of a normal human skull. The cranial vault, on the other hand, is the largest amongst the displayed specimens. Also, the two protruding "lobes" are highly anomalous. The cranial capacity can be estimated safely above 3000 cm3 mark.
Both "J" and "M" types are bordering on biological impossibility. The only explanation I can imagine for the specimens to be naturally born is if the neoteny (the ability of the species to prolong the growth period before maturing) of both groups had been expanded beyond the range for a modern type of human, for the skull to grow to such a size. That may also mean the average life span of these specimens may have been substantially longer than the average for the modern human type.
Any conjectures that what these specimens represent are simply deformations or pathological cases can be hardly substantiated. Anomalous types of growth or shapes appear from time to time in the modern human population, however, these occurrences are still within the range of the given species. The largest skull documented in the medical literature had the cranial capacity of 1980 cm3, however, the shape of the skull was normal. Also, it is necessary to keep in mind that any pathological growth of the cranium has dire consequences for the afflicted individual at the early stage of the development, practically without exception. Nature is very unforgiving in this respect. All the specimens presented here were mature individuals.
The capacity of the cranial vault (and thus the brain mass) and intelligence is not necessarily indicated by the other. The individual with the largest skull, already mentioned above, was a retarded man, while Anatole France with his 1100 cm3 was quite a brilliant writer.
More "alien" Skulls
These skulls were photographed by Robert Connolly on his trip around the world during which he was collecting materials about ancient civilizations. The discovery of unusual skulls was thus an unintended "spinoff" of his efforts. Robert Connolly published his photographs on a CD-ROM, titled "The Search For Ancient Wisdom", Cambrix, 1-800-992-8781, in 1995.
The data about the skulls is incomplete, and that makes the correct assessment of their age, context with other hominids, as well as placement of their origin extremely difficult. Some of the skulls are very distinct, as if they belong to entirely different species, remotely similar to genus Homo. The first thing that attracts attention is the size and shape of the cranium in all the specimens. There are 4 different groups represented in the pictures. As a matter of convenience, I labeled them "cone-head", "jack-o-lantern" or "J" and "M" based on the shape of the skull, except the first and possibly earliest type of skull, which I call "premodern".
When some of these pictures (the first two) were posted on CompuServe more than year ago, the majority of people assumed that they represented an example of binding of the head, well known to be in fashion in ancient Nubia, Egypt and other cultures. The problem with this theory is that the inside of the cranium of the mentioned skulls, although elongated and with a back sloping, flattened forehead, have the same capacity as normal human skulls; the only difference is the shape achieved by frontal and side deformations. They are actually more similar to the first type of skull (premodern) with the rounded back, than the cone-head type. The cone-shaped types of skull are not found amongst the usual skull-binding samples.
The first skull presents problems of its own. The frontal part of the skull seems to belong to an individual of the pre-Neanderthal family, but the lower jaw, though more robust than modern human type, has a modern shape and characteristics. The shape of the cranium does not have any comparison with the Erectus, Neanderthal types, nor the modern human type. Some minor Neanderthal characteristics are present, as is the occipital ridge on the bottom back of the skull and the flattened bottom of the cranium, other characteristics point more towards Homo Erectus. The angle of the cranial bottom is, though, unusual. We cannot exclude the possibility of a deformed individual in this case, but it is highly unlikely that the angle of the frontal part would require a modification of the lower jaw in the process of growing to resemble modern human types with their projected chin rim. The answer seems to be that the skull belongs to a representative of an unknown premodern human or humanoid type.
As is obvious from the comparison with a modern human skull, the cranial capacity lies within the modern human range. This is not surprising, since the late Neanderthals and early modern humans (Cro-Magnon) had larger cranial capacities (both roughly 1600 cm3 to 1750 cm3) than modern humans (av. 1450 cm3). The decrease of the cranial capacity (sudden at that -- the specimens of modern humans after about 10500 BCE have smaller craniums) is a puzzling matter, but that's another story.
No less puzzling is what a representative of a premodern human type is doing on the South American continent. According to the orthodox anthropology, this skull simply does not exist, because it cannot be. Textbooks' oldest date of appearance of humans in North America is about 35000 BC and much later for South America, based on the diffusion theory assumptions. The only accepted human types entering the continent are of the modern anatomy. There are some other sources that place all types of human genus in both Americas at much earlier dates based on numerous anomalous finds, but the academe sticks to its preconceived notions, no matter what. It's safer.
Premodern
The "premodern" skull and the following three specimens were found in the Paracas region of Peru. It does not necessarily mean that they are related. There is some possibility that the "premodern" is in fact a precursor of the "cone-head" type, but since we do not have any dating analysis at hand, we may only speculate in this regard.
Figure C1
The "cone-head" type is very unusual because of the cranial shape. Here we have three specimens, which exclude the possibility of random or artificial deformation (the already mentioned Nubian deformations had quite a number of individual variations). They have individual characteristics within the range of overall morphology. There is no doubt that they are closely related and possibly represent quite a distinct branch of the genus Homo, if not an entirely different species.
Figure C2
Figure C3
The comparison of the C1 with a modern human skull has slight inaccuracies, caused by a degree of distortion when rotating the skull shape into position. As is obvious from C2 and C3, the angle of the bottom part of the cranium does not deviate from normal. However, the general proportions are correct.
The enormity of the cranial vault is obvious from all three pictures. By interpolation, we can estimate the minimum cranial capacity at 2200 cm3, but the value can be as high as 2500 cm3.
The shape of the skull may be a biological response - a survival of the species mechanism - to increase the brain mass without the danger of relegating the species to extinction and keeping a viable biological reproduction intact. However, since we do not see the representatives of the "cone-head" type in modern population, something prevented the type becoming as widespread as it is in the case of present-day moderns.
Type "J"
The "J" type of skull presents different sets of problems. It is an equivalent of the modern type of skull in all respects, with only several factors out of proportion. Less significant is the size of eye sockets which are about 15% larger than in modern populations. More significant is the enormity of the cranial vault. The estimated cranial capacity ranges between minimum of 2600 cm3 to 3200 cm3.
Type "M"
Again, the age of the specimen is unknown and so far I am not aware of other specimens of this type. The variation on a theme may be the "M" type of skull which is even more bizarre than all the previous skulls.
The "M" type of skull is incomplete, as the lower part of the facial area is concerned. What is apparent from the remnants of the facial portion is that the characteristics are entirely within the range of a normal human skull. The cranial vault, on the other hand, is the largest amongst the displayed specimens. Also, the two protruding "lobes" are highly anomalous. The cranial capacity can be estimated safely above 3000 cm3 mark.
Both "J" and "M" types are bordering on biological impossibility. The only explanation I can imagine for the specimens to be naturally born is if the neoteny (the ability of the species to prolong the growth period before maturing) of both groups had been expanded beyond the range for a modern type of human, for the skull to grow to such a size. That may also mean the average life span of these specimens may have been substantially longer than the average for the modern human type.
Any conjectures that what these specimens represent are simply deformations or pathological cases can be hardly substantiated. Anomalous types of growth or shapes appear from time to time in the modern human population, however, these occurrences are still within the range of the given species. The largest skull documented in the medical literature had the cranial capacity of 1980 cm3, however, the shape of the skull was normal. Also, it is necessary to keep in mind that any pathological growth of the cranium has dire consequences for the afflicted individual at the early stage of the development, practically without exception. Nature is very unforgiving in this respect. All the specimens presented here were mature individuals.
The capacity of the cranial vault (and thus the brain mass) and intelligence is not necessarily indicated by the other. The individual with the largest skull, already mentioned above, was a retarded man, while Anatole France with his 1100 cm3 was quite a brilliant writer.
More "alien" Skulls
These skulls were photographed by Robert Connolly on his trip around the world during which he was collecting materials about ancient civilizations. The discovery of unusual skulls was thus an unintended "spinoff" of his efforts. Robert Connolly published his photographs on a CD-ROM, titled "The Search For Ancient Wisdom", Cambrix, 1-800-992-8781, in 1995.
The data about the skulls is incomplete, and that makes the correct assessment of their age, context with other hominids, as well as placement of their origin extremely difficult. Some of the skulls are very distinct, as if they belong to entirely different species, remotely similar to genus Homo. The first thing that attracts attention is the size and shape of the cranium in all the specimens. There are 4 different groups represented in the pictures. As a matter of convenience, I labeled them "cone-head", "jack-o-lantern" or "J" and "M" based on the shape of the skull, except the first and possibly earliest type of skull, which I call "premodern".
When some of these pictures (the first two) were posted on CompuServe more than year ago, the majority of people assumed that they represented an example of binding of the head, well known to be in fashion in ancient Nubia, Egypt and other cultures. The problem with this theory is that the inside of the cranium of the mentioned skulls, although elongated and with a back sloping, flattened forehead, have the same capacity as normal human skulls; the only difference is the shape achieved by frontal and side deformations. They are actually more similar to the first type of skull (premodern) with the rounded back, than the cone-head type. The cone-shaped types of skull are not found amongst the usual skull-binding samples.
The first skull presents problems of its own. The frontal part of the skull seems to belong to an individual of the pre-Neanderthal family, but the lower jaw, though more robust than modern human type, has a modern shape and characteristics. The shape of the cranium does not have any comparison with the Erectus, Neanderthal types, nor the modern human type. Some minor Neanderthal characteristics are present, as is the occipital ridge on the bottom back of the skull and the flattened bottom of the cranium, other characteristics point more towards Homo Erectus. The angle of the cranial bottom is, though, unusual. We cannot exclude the possibility of a deformed individual in this case, but it is highly unlikely that the angle of the frontal part would require a modification of the lower jaw in the process of growing to resemble modern human types with their projected chin rim. The answer seems to be that the skull belongs to a representative of an unknown premodern human or humanoid type.
As is obvious from the comparison with a modern human skull, the cranial capacity lies within the modern human range. This is not surprising, since the late Neanderthals and early modern humans (Cro-Magnon) had larger cranial capacities (both roughly 1600 cm3 to 1750 cm3) than modern humans (av. 1450 cm3). The decrease of the cranial capacity (sudden at that -- the specimens of modern humans after about 10500 BCE have smaller craniums) is a puzzling matter, but that's another story.
No less puzzling is what a representative of a premodern human type is doing on the South American continent. According to the orthodox anthropology, this skull simply does not exist, because it cannot be. Textbooks' oldest date of appearance of humans in North America is about 35000 BC and much later for South America, based on the diffusion theory assumptions. The only accepted human types entering the continent are of the modern anatomy. There are some other sources that place all types of human genus in both Americas at much earlier dates based on numerous anomalous finds, but the academe sticks to its preconceived notions, no matter what. It's safer.
Premodern
The "premodern" skull and the following three specimens were found in the Paracas region of Peru. It does not necessarily mean that they are related. There is some possibility that the "premodern" is in fact a precursor of the "cone-head" type, but since we do not have any dating analysis at hand, we may only speculate in this regard.
Figure C1
The "cone-head" type is very unusual because of the cranial shape. Here we have three specimens, which exclude the possibility of random or artificial deformation (the already mentioned Nubian deformations had quite a number of individual variations). They have individual characteristics within the range of overall morphology. There is no doubt that they are closely related and possibly represent quite a distinct branch of the genus Homo, if not an entirely different species.
Figure C2
Figure C3
The comparison of the C1 with a modern human skull has slight inaccuracies, caused by a degree of distortion when rotating the skull shape into position. As is obvious from C2 and C3, the angle of the bottom part of the cranium does not deviate from normal. However, the general proportions are correct.
The enormity of the cranial vault is obvious from all three pictures. By interpolation, we can estimate the minimum cranial capacity at 2200 cm3, but the value can be as high as 2500 cm3.
The shape of the skull may be a biological response - a survival of the species mechanism - to increase the brain mass without the danger of relegating the species to extinction and keeping a viable biological reproduction intact. However, since we do not see the representatives of the "cone-head" type in modern population, something prevented the type becoming as widespread as it is in the case of present-day moderns.
Type "J"
The "J" type of skull presents different sets of problems. It is an equivalent of the modern type of skull in all respects, with only several factors out of proportion. Less significant is the size of eye sockets which are about 15% larger than in modern populations. More significant is the enormity of the cranial vault. The estimated cranial capacity ranges between minimum of 2600 cm3 to 3200 cm3.
Type "M"
Again, the age of the specimen is unknown and so far I am not aware of other specimens of this type. The variation on a theme may be the "M" type of skull which is even more bizarre than all the previous skulls.
The "M" type of skull is incomplete, as the lower part of the facial area is concerned. What is apparent from the remnants of the facial portion is that the characteristics are entirely within the range of a normal human skull. The cranial vault, on the other hand, is the largest amongst the displayed specimens. Also, the two protruding "lobes" are highly anomalous. The cranial capacity can be estimated safely above 3000 cm3 mark.
Both "J" and "M" types are bordering on biological impossibility. The only explanation I can imagine for the specimens to be naturally born is if the neoteny (the ability of the species to prolong the growth period before maturing) of both groups had been expanded beyond the range for a modern type of human, for the skull to grow to such a size. That may also mean the average life span of these specimens may have been substantially longer than the average for the modern human type.
Any conjectures that what these specimens represent are simply deformations or pathological cases can be hardly substantiated. Anomalous types of growth or shapes appear from time to time in the modern human population, however, these occurrences are still within the range of the given species. The largest skull documented in the medical literature had the cranial capacity of 1980 cm3, however, the shape of the skull was normal. Also, it is necessary to keep in mind that any pathological growth of the cranium has dire consequences for the afflicted individual at the early stage of the development, practically without exception. Nature is very unforgiving in this respect. All the specimens presented here were mature individuals.
The capacity of the cranial vault (and thus the brain mass) and intelligence is not necessarily indicated by the other. The individual with the largest skull, already mentioned above, was a retarded man, while Anatole France with his 1100 cm3 was quite a brilliant writer.
More "alien" Skulls
Additional Information
Giants Nephilim and Anakim
Mesopotamians And Their Gods
NIBIRU or Planet X
The Second Book of Adam and Eve
The Sumerian King List
The "Children of God" sinned
We read further in The Second Book of Adam and Eve :
Chapter. 19
8 And Jared continued to teach his children eighty years; but after that they began to transgress the commandments he had given them, and to do many things without his counsel. They began to go down from the Holy Mountain one after another, and to mix with the children of Cain, in foul fellowships.
9 Now the reason for which the children of Jared went down the Holy Mountain, is this, that we will now reveal unto you.
The children of Jared began to transgress his commandments on his 895th year, 1355 years after creation. And his children began to go "down" and had intercourse with the children of Cain.
Chapter 20
1. AFTER Cain had gone down to the land of dark soil, and his children had multiplied therein, there was one of them, whose name was Genun, son of Lamech the blind who slew Cain.
2 But as to this Genun, Satan came into him in his childhood; and he made sundry trumpets and horns, and string instruments, cymbals and psalteries, and lyres and harps, and flutes; and he played on them at all times and at every hour.
And we found another name for Jubal, namely GENUN. (see also Gn:4:21:)
3 And when he played on them, Satan came into them, so that from among them were heard beautiful and sweet sounds, that ravished the heart.
4 Then he gathered companies upon companies to play on them; and when they played, it pleased well the children of Cain, who inflamed themselves with sin among themselves, and burnt as with fire; while Satan inflamed their hearts, one with another, and increased lust among them.
5 Satan also taught Genun to bring strong drink out of corn; and this Genun used to bring together companies upon companies in drink-houses; and brought into their hands all manner of fruits and flowers; and they drank together.
6 Thus did this Genun multiply sin exceedingly; he also acted with pride, and taught the children of Cain to commit all manner of the grossest wickedness, which they knew not; and put them up to manifold doings which they knew not before.
7 Then Satan, when he saw that they yielded to Genun and hearkened to him in every thing he told them, rejoiced greatly, increased Genun’s understanding until he took iron and with it made weapons of war.
Satan learned Genun (Jubal) the use of iron to make weapons ?, this is in contradiction with the Bible (Gn:4:22) were is written that Tubalcain his brother, was the instructor of iron and weapons.
8 Then when they were drunk, hatred and murder increased among them; one man used violence against another to teach him evil taking his children and defiling them before him.
9 And when men saw they were overcome, and saw others that were not overpowered, those who were beaten came to Genun, took refuge with him, and he made them his confederates.
10 Then sin increased among them greatly; until a man married his own sister, or daughter, or mother, and others; or the daughter of his father’s sister, so that there was no more distinction of relationship, and they no longer knew what is iniquity; but did wickedly, and the earth was defiled with sin; and they angered God the Judge, who had created them.
And sins increased when they married their own sisters, daughters or mothers, this is strange because the children of Adam did the same, marrying their own sister, Wasn’t that a sin in the eyes of God ? Finally we found the real name of the father of Cain, namely "The God of Judge", but who was he ?, I mentioned already that in my opinion the father (Creator) of Cain was Enlil (the Sumerian leader of the Gods), but why was this "God" angry ?, we’ll see that later. Reading the above we found proof that "The Eternal God" was not the same as "God the Judge" As mentioned, "The God of Creation" was Enlil who used genes of Eve.
We read further in The Second Book of Adam and Eve:
11 But Genun gathered together companies upon companies, that played on horns and on all the other instruments we have already mentioned, at the foot of the Holy Mountain; and they did so in order that the children of Seth who were on the Holy Mountain should hear it.
12 But when the children of Seth heard the noise, they wondered, and came by companies, and stood on the top of the mountain to look at those below; and they did thus a whole year.
13 When, at the end of that year, Genun saw that they were being won over to him little by little, Satan entered into him, and taught him to make dyeing - stuffs for garments of divers patterns, and made him understand how to dye crimson and purple and what not.
14 And the sons of Cain who wrought all this, and shone in beauty and gorgeous apparel, gathered together at the foot of the mountain in splendour, with horns and gorgeous dresses, and horse races, committing all manner of abominations.
15 Meanwhile the children of Seth, who were on the Holy Mountain, prayed and praised God, in the place of the hosts of angels who had fallen; wherefore God had called them "angels," because He rejoiced over them greatly.
And God rejoiced greatly about the "Angels" before they became "Fallen Angels", and the children of Seth (The children of God, the fallen Angels who became Good) began to go down from the mountain and they still praised God in the presence of the children of Cain.
16 But after this, they no longer kept His commandment, nor held by the promise He had made to their fathers; but they relaxed from their fasting and praying, and from the counsel of Jared their father. And they kept on gathering together on the top of the mountain, to look upon the children of Cain, from morning until evening, and upon what they did, upon their beautiful dresses and ornaments.
17 Then the children of Cain looked up from below, and saw the children of Seth, standing in troops on the top of the mountain; and they called to them to come down to them.
18 But the children of Seth said to them from above, "We don’t know the way." Then Genun, the son of Lamech, heard them say they did not know the way, and he bethought himself how he might bring them down.
19 Then Satan appeared to him by night, saying, "There is no way for them to come down from the mountain on which they dwell; but when they come tomorrow, say to them, ’Come ye to the western side of the mountain; there you will find the way of a stream of water, that comes down to the foot of the mountain, between two hills; come down that way to us."
What was the reason that there wasn’t a way to go down from the Holy Mountain?. As mentioned, there was the possibility that "The Holy Mountain" was a mountain with The Garden of Eden on it, above The Cave of Treasures. And "The Garden of Eden" was a "Space colony", guarded by Seraphim’s and Cherubim’s. Satana was aware of this and explained Genun that it was impossible to go down from the Mountain, except the Western side of it ?, as mentioned before, at the western side of the mountain a waterfall came down from "The Garden of Eden", from under "the tree of Life", and formed four rivers down to the Earth ; so, from the waters it was possible to go down.
We read further in The Second Book of Adam and Eve:
20 Then when it was day, Genun blew the horns and beat the drums below the mountain, as he was wont. The children of Seth heard it, and came as they used to do.
21 Then Genun said to them from down below, "Go to the western side of the mountain, there you will find the way to come down."
22 But when the children of Seth heard these words from him, they went back into the cave to Jared, to tell him all they had heard.
23 Then when Jared heard it, he was grieved; for he knew that they would transgress his counsel.
24 After this a hundred men of the children of Seth gathered together, and said among themselves, "Come, let us go down to the children of Cain, and see what they do, and enjoy ourselves with them.
A hundred men of the children of Seth went down from the mountain to go to the children of Cain. Now we know the meaning of what is written in The Bible :
Gn:6:2: That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.
The term "The Sons of God" is the same as "The Children of God", in this verse the Bible is talking about "The Children of Seth" because they were called "The Children of God" (see The Second Book of Adam and Eve chapter 11: 4: But because of their own purity, they were named "Children of God, and they were with God, instead of the hosts of angels who fell").
Watchers and Children of God
"The Watchers" also named "The Angels of the Lord" were on the earth in those days and they learned "The Children of Cain" (Enoch) the knowledge of writing, I am pleased they did because we can read very important information in the books of Enoch.
There is no difference between "The Children of Seth", also called "The Sons of God" or "The Children of God" and "The Watchers" also called "The Angels of The Lord" When we read the following texts carefully we will see that "The Watchers" and "The Children of God" (the offspring of Seth) were one and the same.
The attended reader know that in the days this events took place Enoch was still under them and new that his relatives, the children of God, should go down from the mountain to mingle with the children of Cain.
In The book of Enoch we can read the same story :
note : Enoch was the son of Jared (not the son of Cain, called Enos), the first who learned writing from "The Watchers" and he wrote :
Chapter 6
And it came to pass when the children of men had multiplied that in those days were born unto them beautiful and comely daughters. And the angels, the children of the heaven, saw and lusted after them, and said to one another:
’Come, let us choose us wives from among the children of men and beget us children.’
And Semjaza, who was their leader, said unto them:
’I fear ye will not indeed agree to do this deed, and I alone shall have to pay the penalty of a great sin.’
And they all answered him and said:
’Let us all swear an oath, and all bind ourselves by mutual imprecations not to abandon this plan but to do this thing.’
Then sware they all together and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And they were in all two hundred; who descended in the days of Jared on the summit of Mount Hermon, and they called it Mount Hermon, because they had sworn and bound themselves by mutual imprecations upon it. And these are the names of their leaders:
Samlazaz, their leader, Araklba, Rameel, Kokablel, Tamlel, Ramlel, Danel, Ezeqeel, Baraqijal, Asael, Armaros, Batarel, Ananel, Zaqel, Samsapeel, Satarel, Turel, Jomjael, Sariel.
These are their chiefs of tens.
Enoch called the sinners "The Angels, the Children of the Heaven", why ?, I think this is obvious because he means that "The Children of Seth", went down from the mountain. We will soon see later that this is the truth. In "The Second Book of Adam and Eve", chapter 19:20, is written about 100 men and in The Book of Enoch" about 200 men, but what is the difference. The first book wrote only of the children of Seth and Enoch wrote about them in total (Watchers and children of Seth). We will see what happened with "The Watchers" or "Children of God" shortly before, during and after the Flood. In later chapters we will see that the Watchers were called Anunnaki by the Sumerians.
We read further in chapter 20 of The Second Book of Adam and Eve:
25 But when Jared heard this of the hundred men, his very soul was moved, and his heart was grieved. He then arose with great fervour, and stood in the midst of them, and adjured them by the blood of Abel the just, "Let not one of you go down from this holy and pure mountain, in which our fathers have ordered us to dwell."
26 But when Jared saw that they did not receive his words, he said unto them, "O my good and innocent and holy children, know that when once you go down from this holy mountain, God will not allow you to return again to it."
27 He again adjured them, saying, "I adjure by the death of our father Adam, and by the blood of Abel, of Seth, of Enos, of Cainan, and of Mahalaleel, to hearken to me, and not to go down from this holy mountain; for the moment you leave it, you will be reft of life and of mercy; and you shall no longer be called ’children of God,’ but ’children of the devil.’
We can imagine that Jared was furious to his relatives who would go to the offspring of Cain and he tried again and again to persuade them not to go down but he failed. Nevertheless he warned them that God would not allow then to go back to the holy mountain again and that their long lifetime will be taken from them and their offspring from the beautiful daughters of Cain’s offspring. They would be called "The Children of the Devil" as well.
We read further in chapter 20 of The Second Book of Adam and Eve:
28 But they would not hearken to his words.
29 Enoch at that time was already grown up, and in his zeal for God, he arose and said, "Hear me, O ye sons of Seth, small and great-when ye transgress the commandment of our fathers, and go down from this holy mountain ye shall not come up hither again for ever."
30 But they rose up against Enoch, and would not hearken to his words, but went down from the Holy Mountain.
Enoch, the son of Jared, also warned his relatives not to go down from the Holy Mountain, but they did not listen.
We read further in chapter 20 of The Second Book of Adam and Eve:
31 And when they looked at the daughters of Cain, at their beautiful figures, and at their hands and feet dyed with colour, and tattooed in ornaments on their faces, the fire of sin was kindled in them.
32 Then Satan made them look most beautiful before the sons of Seth, as he also made the sons of Seth appear of the fairest in the eyes of the daughters of Cain, so that the daughters of Cain lusted after the sons of Seth like ravenous beasts, and the sons of Seth after the daughters of Cain, until they committed abomination with them.
"The daughters of Cain", in the Bible were called "The daughters of Men" :
Gn:6:2: That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose.
We read further in chapter 20 of The Second Book of Adam and Eve:
33 But after they had thus fallen into this defilement, they returned by the way they had come, and tried to ascend the Holy Mountain. But they could not, because the stones of that holy mountain were of fire flashing before them, by reason of which they could not go up again.
34 And God was angry with them, and repented of them because they had come down from glory, and had thereby lost or forsaken their own purity or innocence, and were fallen into the defilement of sin.
The fallen "Children of God" (Angels) could not come up to the mountain again and were doomed to stay down.
We read further in chapter 20 of The Second Book of Adam and Eve:
35 Then God sent His Word to Jared, saying, "These thy children, whom thou didst call ’My children,’ - behold they have transgressed My commandment, and have gone down to the abode of perdition, and of sin. Send a messenger to those that are left, that they may not go down, and be lost."
36 Then Jared wept before the Lord, and asked of Him mercy and forgiveness. But he wished that his soul might depart from his body, rather than hear these words from God about the going down of his children from the Holy Mountain.
37 But he followed God’s order, and preached unto them not to go down from that holy mountain, and not to hold intercourse with the children of Cain.
38 But they heeded not his message, and would not obey his counsel.
And all "Children of God" fell, except Jared, Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech and Noah, as we can read further in chapter 20 of The Second Book of Adam and Eve:
Chapter 21. Jared dies in sorrow for his sons who had gone astray. A prediction of the Flood.
1 AFTER this another company gathered together, and they went to look after their brethren; but they perished as well as they. And so it was, company after company, until only a few of them were left.
2 Then Jared sickened from grief, and his sickness was such that the day of his death drew near.
3 Then he called Enoch his eldest son, and Methuselah Enoch’s son, and Lamech the son of Methuselah, and Noah the son of Lamech.
4 And when they were come to him he prayed over them and blessed them, and said to them, "Ye are righteous, innocent sons; go ye not down from this holy mountain; for behold, your children and your children’s children have gone down from this holy mountain, and have estranged themselves from this holy mountain, through their abominable lust and transgression of God’s commandment.
5 "But I know, through the power of God, that He will not leave you on this holy mountain, because your children have transgressed His commandment and that of our fathers, which we had received from them.
6 "But, O my sons, God will take you to a strange land, and ye never shall again return to behold with your eyes this garden and this holy mountain.
7 "Therefore, O my sons, set your hearts on your own selves, and keep the commandment of God which is with you. And when you go from this holy mountain, into a strange land which ye know not, take with you the body of our father Adam, and with it these three precious gifts and offerings, namely, the gold, the incense, and the myrrh; and let them be in the place where the body of our father Adam shall lay.
Jared told his children who had not "sinned" that they should go to a "strange land" and before they should leave the Holy Mountain, they should take the body of Adam and the three gifts from The Gods with them, Jared predicts them that "The Garden of Eden" and "The Holy Mountain" would vanish from the Earth during the Flood. The Gods were already making preparations to disassemble "The Garden of Eden" and the "Holy Mountain" to be ready before the Flood.
Jared predicts "The Flood"
We read further in chapter 20 of The Second Book of Adam and Eve:
8 "And unto him of you who shall be left, O my sons, shall the Word of God come, and when he goes out of this land he shall take with him the body of our father Adam, and shall lay it in the middle of the earth, the place in which salvation shall be wrought."
9 Then Noah said unto him, "Who is he of us that shall be left ?"
10 And Jared answered, "Thou art he that shall be left. And thou shalt take the body of our father Adam from the cave, and place it with thee in the ark when the flood comes.
11 "And thy son Shem, who shall come out of thy loins, he it is who shall lay the body of our father Adam in the middle of the earth, in the place whence salvation shall come."
Verse 8 is opposite to verse 10 where in verse 8 is stated that God took the body of Adam but in verse10 Noah is instructed by Jared to take the body of Adam with him in the ark ? Jared knew that Noah was the only "Child of God" that should remain after the flood and that he would have a son called Shem who would be a righteous man even as his father Noah was.
We read further in chapter 20 of The Second Book of Adam and Eve:
12 Then Jared turned to his son Enoch, and said unto him "Thou, my son, abide in this cave, and minister diligently before the body of our father Adam all the days of thy life; and feed thy people in righteousness and innocence."
13 And Jared said no more. His hands were loosened, his eyes closed, and he entered into rest like his fathers. His death took place in the three hundred and sixtieth year of Noah, and in the nine hundred and eighty-ninth year of his own life; on the twelfth of Takhsas on a Friday.
14 But as Jared died, tears streamed down his face by reason of his great sorrow, for the children of Seth, who had fallen in his days.
15 Then Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech and Noah, these four, wept over him; embalmed him carefully, and then laid him in the Cave of Treasures. Then they rose and mourned for him forty days.
16 And when these days of mourning were ended, Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech and Noah remained in sorrow of heart, because their father had departed from them, and they saw him no more.
Enoch was told to abide in the Cave and take care of the bodies of the "Earth Fathers" therein. Jared died in the 360th year of Noah’s life, when we look at "The Generation Table of the Bible" we’ll see that the age of Jared when he died was 989 years ?. In the Bible he was 962 years of age when he died. (a difference of 27 years)
Was Jared the last "Earth Father" who was buried in "The Cave of Treasures" ?. We’ll see that he was.
"The Children of God" who not sinned
Generation 7 : Enoch
In The Bible we can read :
Gn:5:21: And Enoch lived sixty and five years, and begat Methuselah:
Gn:5:22: And Enoch walked with God after he begat Methuselah three hundred years, and begat sons and daughters:
Gn:5:23: And all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and five years:
Gn:5:24: And Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him.
That’s all the bible has to see about Enoch, but again we can read more detail in other "holy" books
In The Second Book of Adam and Eve we can read :
Chapter 22. Only three righteous men left in the world. The evil conditions of men prior to the Flood.
1 BUT Enoch kept the commandment of Jared his father, and continued to minister in the cave.
2 It is this Enoch to whom many wonders happened, and who also wrote a celebrated book; but those wonders may not be told in this place.
Even these scrolls wrote about "the books of Enoch", so why do the "Church Fathers" and the Jews deny the authentic of these books ?.
3 Then after this, the children of Seth went astray and fell, they, their children and their wives. And when Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech and Noah saw them, their hearts suffered by reason of their fall into doubt full of unbelief; and they wept and sought of God mercy, to preserve them, and to bring them out of that wicked generation.
4 Enoch continued in his ministry before the Lord three hundred and eighty-five years, and at the end of that time he became aware through the grace of God, that God intended to remove him from the earth.
5 He then said to his son, "O my son, I know that God intends to bring the waters of the Flood upon the earth, and to destroy our creation.
6 "And ye are the last rulers over this people on this mountain; for I know that not one will be left you to beget children on this holy mountain; neither shall any one of you rule over the children of his people; neither shall any great company be left of you, on this mountain."
7 Enoch said also to them, "Watch over your souls, and hold fast by your fear of God and by your service of Him, and worship Him in upright faith, and serve Him in righteousness, innocence and judgment, in repentance and also in purity."
8 When Enoch had ended his commandments to them, God transported him from that mountain to the land of life, to the mansions of the righteous and of the chosen, the abode of Paradise of joy, in light that reaches up to heaven; light that is outside the light of this world; for it is the light of God, that fills the whole world, but which no place can contain.
9 Thus, because Enoch was in the light of God, he found himself out of the reach of death; until God would have him die.
10 Altogether, not one of our fathers or of their children, remained on that holy mountain, except those three, Methuselah, Lamech, and Noah. For all the rest went down from the mountain and fell into sin with the children of Cain. Therefore were they forbidden that mountain, and none remained on it but those three men.
We can read here in verse 4 that Enoch ministered his people for 385 years ? In the Bible was the total lifetime of Enoch on Earth only 365 years. That can only mean one thing, Enoch was much older when taken by the Gods to Heaven. With a simple calculation we can cipher that Enoch was actually 914 years old.
As written in the above verses was Enoch 800 years old when Jared died. When Enoch ruled 385 years after his fathers dead he should be 1,185 years old by his ascension. But Jared died 234 years before the Flood so Enoch would have survived the Flood with 151 years. We know that Enoch’s ascension took place BEFORE the Flood, so Enoch must have ruled already before Jared died. When we search for the real lifetime of Enoch we can find more evidence about the year of Enoch’s ascension. In Jubilees, the book of Enoch and the book of Jasher (chapter 5:11) we can read that God ordered Noah to make an Ark directly after Enoch’s ascension and that the offspring of Cain had only 120 years to return from their evil way otherwise the Flood should come.
The real "lifetime" of Enoch is thus 800 + 234 - 120 = 914 years.
Before Enoch’s ascension he said to his son Methuselah :
"O my son, I know that God intends to bring the waters of the Flood upon the earth, and to destroy "our" creation"
"And ye are the last rulers over this people on this mountain"
"And to destroy our creation" ?
, what is the meaning of this ?, Were the "Earth Fathers" Creators themselves?. Enoch knew that all his relatives should die during the flood, except Noah, his wife and his 3 children with their wife’s.
Enoch was transported by God from the holy mountain in light to heaven ?, again is spoken of "transported" to Heaven. The reader is already accustomed to this phenomenon, indeed he was raised by a space-ship. And even Enoch became not immortal because we could read above that he was with God until He would have him die.
The rest of the story we’ll never know because the rest of the scrolls are also lost, or on purpose lost, forever.
But we can find some more information in other books.
Enoch in the book of Jubilees
We can read more information about Enoch in The Book of Jubilees :
Chapter 4 :
16 And in the eleventh jubilee Jared took to himself a wife, and her name was Baraka, the daughter of Rasujal, a daughter of his father’s brother, in the fourth week of this jubilee, and she bare him a son in the fifth week , in the fourth year of the jubilee, and he called his name Enoch. (for explanation see the end of chapter 3)
17 And he was the first among men that are born on earth who learnt writing and knowledge and wisdom and who wrote down the signs of heaven according to the order of their months in a book, that men might know the seasons of the years according to the order of their separate months.
18 And he was the first to write a testimony and he testified to the sons of men among the generations of the earth, and recounted the weeks of the jubilees, and made known to them the days of the years, and set in order the months and recounted the Sabbaths of the years as we made, known to him.
19 And what was and what will be he saw in a vision of his sleep, as it will happen to the children of men throughout their generations until the day of judgment; he saw and understood everything, and wrote his testimony, and placed the testimony on earth for all the children of men and for their generations.
Enoch was the first who learned writing and science and he wrote several books. We will see later that this wisdom was only preserved for "The Children of God / Watchers" and NOT for the offspring of Cain. Proof of this we can find later on because Enoch should testify against "The Watchers", "The Angels of the Lord", so he testified against his own relatives who were "fallen" (see next). The recalculation of the Jubilees by Enoch was the beginning of the Year with 12 months, 30 days a month and a total of 360 days a year.
Note : As scholars know today the rotation of the Earth slows down in millions of years because of the gravitation of the Moon, once in the future, in about 2.5 billion years the Earth will stop rotating due to gravitation of the Moon. When we make a calculation, the years had 360 days in the time of Enoch and in present time the years count 365 days, so, the time when Enoch lived, about 2500 years BCE must be much more further in history, about 30,000 years ago.
Keep also in mind that from the time of Enoch, and the recalculation of time, there is a difference between the birthdays of the "Earth Fathers" in the Bible and The Book of Jubilees, I don’t think that’s a coincidence.
We read further in The Book of Jubilees :
Chapter 4.
20 And in the twelfth jubilee, in the seventh week thereof, (581-588 AM) he took to himself a wife, and her name was Edna, the daughter of Danel, the daughter of his father’s brother, and in the sixth year in this week (587 AM) she bare him a son and he called his name Methuselah.
And Enoch married also his niece (3rd time), and not his sister.
As with the birthday of Enoch, there is a difference between the birthday of Methuselah in accordance with The Generation Table of The Bible of 100 years (687 AM in the Bible).
Enoch testified against "The Watchers"
We read further in The Book of Jubilees :
Chapter 4.
21 And he was moreover with the angels of God these six jubilees of years, and they showed him everything which is on earth and in the heavens, the rule of the sun, and he wrote down everything.
22 And he testified to the Watchers, who had sinned with the daughters of men; for these had begun to unite themselves, so as to be defiled, with the daughters of men, and Enoch testified against all.
As mentioned above Enoch testified against his own relatives "The Watchers" (The Angels of the Lord), who also fell when they "sinned" with the daughters of men.
We read further in The Book of Jubilees :
23 And he was taken from amongst the children of men, and we conducted him into the Garden of Eden in majesty and honor, and behold there he writes down the con-damnation and judgment of the world, and all the wickedness of the children of men.
The Angels of God took Enoch back to "The Garden of Eden", to protect him for the "Watchers" who had sinned with the daughters of men (see later Genesis 6, Jubilees 5 and Enoch 6). We can imagine that Enoch was taken by The Angels from among men because he was a talebearer for "The Watchers", and God was afraid that they should revenge his testifying against them.
And Enoch was brought back to "The Garden of Eden" and lived there until his ascension. "The Garden of Eden", a "space-colony", was still on top of the Mountain on Earth in the year 1422 AM (the year of death of Jared).
We read further in The Book of Jubilees :
Chapter 4.
24 And on account of it (God) brought the waters of the flood upon all the land of Eden; for there he was set as a sign and that he should testify against all the children of men, that he should recount all the deeds of the generations until the day of condemnation.
25 And he burnt the incense of the sanctuary, (even) sweet spices acceptable before the Lord on the Mount.
26 For the Lord has four places on the earth, the Garden of Eden, and the Mount of the East, and this mountain on which thou art this day (God to Moses), Mount Sinai, and Mount Zion (which) will be sanctified in the new creation for a sanctification of the earth; through it will the earth be sanctified from all (its) guilt and its uncleanness throughout the generations of the world.
What is the meaning of "And on account of it (God) brought the waters of the flood upon all the land of Eden ? So, the Earth was also called "the land of Eden" I hope the reader will not mix-up "the land of Eden" with "The Garden of Eden" because we can also read in verse 25 that God was "on" the mount receiving sweet spices from Enoch. Further we can read that God has four places on Earth, four "Space-colonies" shortly before the Flood. They were :
1. "The garden of Eden", let us call this mountain "Mount Eden" (in Enoch 6 this mountain is called Mount Hermon)
2. The Mount of the East (probably a mountain somewhere in modern Iran or India)
3. Mount Sinai
4. Mount Zion
In verse 26 is clearly spoken that a "new" generation should come after the Flood. The Gods and Enoch predicts the "NEW CREATION", could they mean HOMO SAPIENS ? Yes they did and we will see that later.
Now the reader can interpret that we found the reason why "our" church fathers and the Jews don’t accept the book of "Jubilees" as part of the bible....., indeed there is more then one God and there are several types of Angels. Is it possible that when the Angels of God took Enoch to the "The Garden of Eden" they also took the bodies of "The Earth Fathers", Adam, Seth, Enos, Cainan, Mahalaleel and Jared with them ?
In chapter 20 of "The Second Book of Adam and Eve" we debated that Jared ordered Noah to take the body of Adam with him in the Ark. In my opinion this plan changed and with the ascension of Enoch he took also the bodies of the first six Earth-fathers with him. The other gifts from the Gods, including the, so called, "Garments of Skin of Adam and Eve" were taken in the Ark by Noah.
Generation 8 : Methuselah
In The Bible we can read :
Gn:5:25: And Methuselah lived an hundred eighty and seven years, and begat Lamech.
Gn:5:26: And Methuselah lived after he begat Lamech seven hundred eighty and two years, and begat sons and daughters:
Gn:5:27: And all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty and nine years: and he died.
We can read more information about Methuselah in The Book of Jubilees :
Chapter 4. 27 And in the fourteenth jubilee (637-686 AM) Methuselah took unto himself a wife, Edna the daughter of Azrial, the daughter of his father’s brother, in the third week, in the first year of this week, (665 AM) and he begat a son and called his name Lamech.
And also Methuselah married his niece (4th time), and not his sister. Is Methuselah’s uncle "Azrial" the same as the fallen "Watcher" "Asael" mentioned in the book of Enoch (ch.6) ? The similarity between the names is to close to be untrue.
Also with the birthday of Methuselah, there is a difference between the birthday of Lamech in accordance to The Generation Table of The Bible of 209 years (874 AM in the Bible), the difference has grown in years. The reason we already know .
Generation 9 : Lamech
In The Bible we can read :
Gn:5:28: And Lamech lived an hundred eighty and two years, and begat a son:
Gn:5:29: And he called his name Noah, saying, This same shall comfort us concerning our work and toil of our hands, because of the ground which the Lord hath cursed.
Gn:5:30: And Lamech lived after he begat Noah five hundred ninety and five years, and begat sons and daughters:
Gn:5:31: And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred seventy and seven years: and he died.
Lamech was the first of the Earth-fathers who died much younger than all others, he died at 777 years of age.
We can read more information about Lamech in The Book of Jubilees :
Chapter 4.
28 And in the fifteenth jubilee in the third week (700-707 AM) Lamech took to himself a wife, and her name was Betenos the daughter of Baraki’il, the daughter of his father’s brother, and in this week (706 AM) she bare him a son and he called his name Noah, saying, ’This one will comfort me for my trouble and all my work, and for the ground which the Lord hath cursed.’
And also Lamech married his niece (5th time) and not his sister. Is Lamech’s uncle "Baraki’il" the same as the fallen "Watcher" "Baraqijal" mentioned in the book of Enoch (ch.6) ? The similarity between the names is for the second time to close to be untrue.
Also with the birthday of Lamech, there is a difference between the birthday of Noah in accordance to The Generation Table of The Bible of 350 years (1056 AM in the Bible), the difference continued to grow over the years.
The reason that the lifetime of Lamech was only 777 years can be explained when we read in The Book of Jasher, chapter 5:19, And Lamech the father of Noah, died in those days; yet verily he did not go with all his heart in the ways of his father. I’m sure that also Lamech fell or nearly fell with his fellow "Watchers" and therefore died earlier.
Generation 10 : Noah
In The Bible we can read :
Gn:5:32: And Noah was five hundred years old: and Noah begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
Gn:9:28: And Noah lived after the flood three hundred and fifty years.
Gn:9:29: And all the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years: and he died.
So Adam still lived at the time that Lamech, the father of Noah, was born.
In The Book of Jubilees we can read :
Chapter 4.
33 And in the twenty-fifth (1176-1225 AM) jubilee Noah took to himself a wife, and her name was Emzara, the daughter of Rake’el, the daughter of his father’s brother, in the first year in the fifth week and in the third year thereof (1206 AM) she bare him Shem, in the fifth year thereof (1209 AM) she bare him Ham, and in the first year in the sixth week (1212 AM) she bare him Japheth.
And also Noah married his niece (6th time), and not his sister. Is Noah’s uncle "Rake’el" the same as the fallen "Watcher" "Rameel" mentioned in the book of Enoch (ch.6) ? The similarity between the names is for the third time to close to be untrue.
Note : I hope that under my readers are none left who doubt that "The Watchers" in Enoch and Jubilees are the same as "The Children of God" or "The Children of Seth" in The Bible. The reader who still stays skeptic will be convinced in chapter 8 and 9 where we will discuss the "Gods of Sumer" called Anunnaki.
Also with the birthday of Noah, there is a difference between the birthday of Shem in accordance to The Generation Table of The Bible of 350 years (1556 AM in the Bible), but the difference stops at 350 years.
Note : There must be a mistake in the translation of Jubilees in the period between the births of Enoch until Noah from 100 to 350 years, either with the 350 years with generation 9 and 10, or the generation table of the Bible. One of them is wrong, which we’ll never know. (Although I don/t think it’s important for the story itself)
Other scrolls with information are lost forever, except for the tablets found in Mesopotamia, I will reveal this story in later chapters.
Final Conclusions
The "Children of God" are the "Earth Fathers" from Seth until Noah in the Bible. In the books of Enoch and Jubilees they are called The Watchers or the Angels of The Lord
The children of Men are the offspring of Cain
There is a difference in the timetable between the Bible and Jubilees of 100 to 350 years
Adam, Jared, Enoch and Methuselah predicted all the Flood, they knew that since Satana and the fall of the Watchers evil should be destroyed by the Gods
We found proof that at least three uncles of Methuselah, Lamech and Noah are named in Enoch and Jubilees as "Fallen Watchers" (Asael, Baraqijal and Rameel)
Enoch predicts the "NEW CREATION" after the flood, called HOMO SAPIENS, our ancestors.
The CREATURE table
The GODS, ELOHIM (AN, ENLIL, ENKI and others)
"GODS"
Heavenly and Arch Angels, Seraphim, Nephilim.
"ANGELS"
The Fallen Angels : Satana, Adam and Eve, Watchers
"GIANTS"
The Children of the Devil and Watchers, Cain MAN
"GIANTS"
Adam, Eve (The Children of God), SETH - NOAH MAN, Watchers
"GIANTS"
The Demy GOD’S
"GIANTS"
DEMONS and MONSTERS, children of the evil Giants
"DEMONS"
HOMO SAPIENS (MEN) created shortly before / after the flood
"MEN"
Return
Satan and the Bible
There is no full account of Satan given in any one place, and the Scripture teaching on this topic can only be ascertained by combining a number of scattered notices from Genesis to Apocalypse, and reading them in the light of patristic and theological tradition.
Almost absent in the Old Testament, the Devil is mentionned 188 times in the New Testament :
62 as a “demon”
36 as “Satan”
33 as the “Devil”
37 as a “Beast”
13 as a “Dragon”
7 as “Belzeebuth”
Summary of the role played by Satan in the Scriptures
Satan is an angel (Job 1-2). God made him before the world began (Job 38:4-7). Satan was very powerful (Revelation 12:3: "ten horns") and very wise (Revelation 12:3: "seven heads"). But he became the first sinner (1 John 3:8). Apparently at one point in the past (or possibly future) he led a rebellion in heaven against God (Revelation 12:7). In Satan’s fall, he drew a vast number of angels with him (Revelation 12:4, 9). Some of the fallen angels are loose and some are bound in a place called the Abyss (Luke 8:31). The loose ones we call "demons". Of the bound ones, there are two kinds, permanently bound (2 Peter 2:4; Jude 6) and temporarily bound (Revelation 9:1-11). Satan and his demons now wage war against God’s kingdom (Revelation 12:17). Some people think that Satan lives in hell, but hell is where Satan and the wicked will be sent at the last judgment. Satan now dwells on earth (Job 1:7). At the Second Coming of Christ, he will be bound for 1,000 years (Revelation 20:1-3). After the thousand years, he will be set free for a short time and will go out to deceive the nations (Revelation 20:7-9). The devil’s final end will be in the lake of fire (Revelation 20:10), which was prepared by God for the devil and his angels (Matthew 25:41).
Etymology
The Devil as seen in Codex Gigas.The word 'Satan', and the Arabic شيطان "shaitan," may derive from a Northwest Semitic root śṭn, meaning "to be hostile," "to accuse."[1] An alternative explanation is provided by the Hebrew in Job 1:7. When God asks him whence he has come, Satan answers: "From wandering (mi'ŝuṭ) the earth and walking on it" (מִשּׁוּט בָּאָרֶץ, וּמֵהִתְהַלֵּךְ בָּה). The root ŝuṭ signifies wandering on foot or sailing. 'Satan' would thus be "the Wanderer."
In Judaism
In the Hebrew Apocrypha
A large part of this "secret" literature was the apocrypha. Based on unfulfilled prophecies, these books were not considered scripture, but rather part of a literary form that flourished from 200 BC to AD 100. These works usually bore the names of ancient Hebrew worthies in order to establish their validity among the true writers' contemporaries. To reconcile the late appearance of the texts with their claims to primitive antiquity, alleged authors are represented as "shutting up and sealing" (Dan. XII. 4:9) the works until the time of their fulfillment had arrived; as the texts were not meant for their own generations but for far-distant ages (also cited in Assumption of Moses I. 16:17).
In the Book of Wisdom[2] Satan is represented, with reference to Gen. 3, as the being who brought death into the world. He is also mentioned in Ecclesiasticus (Sirach) 21:27, "Flee from sins as from the face of a serpent", and "Who will pity an enchanter struck by a serpent, or any that come near wild beasts? So is it with him that keepeth company with a wicked man, and is involved in his sins."
The 2nd Book of Enoch, also called the Slavonic Book of Enoch, contains references to a Watcher Grigori called Satanael.[3] The text describes Satanael as being the prince of the Grigori and "rejected the Lord of light". It contains a number of references to him including 29:4 which reads "4. And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless". It also describes the Devil in 31:4 saying "4. The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he made Sotona (9) from the heavens as his name was Satanail (10), thus he became different from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as far as his understanding of righteous and sinful things." The book of 2 Enoch is not accepted by the mainstream of studying Christians, as it is likely that it was written in the first century. The same story is played out in the book of 1 Enoch; however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori is called Semjâzâ.
The doctrine of the fall of Satan, as well as of the fall of the angels, is found also in Babylonia. Satan rules over an entire host of angels.[4] Mastema, who induced God to test Abraham through the sacrifice of Isaac, is identical with Satan in both name and nature,[5] Azazel of the Apocalypse of Abraham and the Asmodeus of the Book of Tobit is likewise to be identified with him, especially in view of his licentiousness. As the lord of satans, he frequently bears the special name of Samael.
It is difficult to identify Satan in any other passages of the Apocrypha, since the originals in which his name occurred have been lost, and the translations employ various equivalents. An "argumentum a silentio" can not, therefore, be adduced as proof that concepts of Satan were not wide-spread; but if Satan is true it must rather be that reference to him and his realm is often implied in the mention of evil spirits. On the other hand there is little substantiation to prove that concepts of Satan were widespread and that the books were written at the times claimed and not rather written between 200BC and 100AD.
For the Chasidic Jews of the eighteenth century, Ha-satan was Baal Davar.[6]
As the "accuser"
Where Satan does appear in the Bible as a member of God's court, he plays the role of the Accuser, much like a prosecuting attorney for God.
According to the article on 'Satan' in the Jewish Encyclopedia, Satan's role as the accuser is found "in the prologue to the Book of Job, where Satan appears, together with other celestial beings or 'sons of God,' before the Deity, replying to the inquiry of God as to whence he had come, with the words: 'From going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up and down in it.' (Job 1:7) Both question and answer, as well as the dialogue which follows, characterize Satan as that member of the divine council who watches over human activity, but with the evil purpose of searching out men's sins and appearing as their accuser. He is, therefore, the celestial prosecutor, lawyer who sees only iniquity; for he persists in his evil opinion of Job even after the man of Uz has passed successfully through his first trial by surrendering to the will of God, whereupon Satan demands another test through physical suffering. (ib. ii. 3-5.)"
"Yet it is also evident from the prologue that Satan has no power of independent action, but requires the permission of God, which he may not transgress. He cannot be regarded, therefore, as an opponent of the Deity; and the doctrine of monotheism is disturbed by his existence no more than by the presence of other beings before the face of God. This view is also retained in Zech. 3:1-2, where Satan is described as the adversary of the high priest Joshua, and of the people of God whose representative the hierarch is; and he there opposes the 'angel of the Lord' who bids him be silent in the name of God."
"In both of these passages Satan is a mere accuser who acts only according to the permission of the Deity; but in I Chron. 21:1 he appears as one who is able to provoke David to destroy Israel. The Chronicler (third century B.C.) regards Satan as an independent agent, a view which is the more striking since the source whence he drew his account (II Sam. 24:1) speaks of God Himself as the one who moved David against the children of Israel. Since the older conception refers all events, whether good or bad, to God alone, (I Sam. 16:14; I Kings 22:22; Isa. 45:7; etc) it is possible that the Chronicler, and perhaps even Zechariah, were influenced by Zoroastrianism, even though in the case of the prophet Jewish monism strongly opposed Iranian dualism. (Stave, Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judenthum, pp. 253 et seq.) An immediate influence of the Babylonian concept of the 'accuser, persecutor, and oppressor' (Schrader, K. A. T. 3d ed., p. 463) is impossible, since traces of such an influence, if it had existed, would have appeared in the earlier portions of the Bible."[7]
With regard to the 1 Chronicles 21:1 passage, it is known that, at times, Yahweh gives Satan the authority to carry out wicked deeds, as in the book of Job. It has similarly been argued that in Christianity's New Testament, Satan entered Judas so that the Son of Man could be delivered over to the officials. (Luke 22:3)
In Christianity
Main article: Devil in Christianity
In Christianity, terms that are synonymous with 'Satan' include:
The most common English synonym for 'Satan' is 'Devil', which descends from Middle English devel, from Old English dēofol, that in turn represents an early Germanic borrowing of Latin diabolus (also the source of 'diabolical'). This in turn was borrowed from Greek diabolos "slanderer," from diaballein "to slander": dia- "across, through" + ballein "to hurl."[8] In the New Testament, 'Satan' occurs more than thirty times in passages alongside Diabolos (Greek for "the devil"), referring to the same person or thing as Satan.[9]
Lucifer is sometimes used in Christian theology to refer to Satan, from a mistaking of the Latinized Hebrew word Hillel, meaning "shining one".
Beelzebub (Be'elzebub "Lord of Flies") is originally the name of a Philistine god, but is also used in the New Testament as a synonym for Satan. A corrupted version, "Belzeboub," appears in the The Divine Comedy.
"The dragon" and "the old serpent" in the Book of Revelation 12:9, 20:2 have also been identified with Satan, as have "the prince of this world" in the Book of John 12:31, 14:30; "the prince of the power of the air" also called Meririm, and "the spirit that now worketh in the children of disobedience" in the Book of Ephesians 2:2; and "the god of this world" in 2 Corinthians 4:4.[9]
The angel Leviathan is described as "that crooked serpent," which is also used to describe Satan in Revelation 12:9. 'Sar ha Olam,' a possible name for Metatron, is described as Satan by Michael, Jehoel and St. Paul.
In mainstream Christianity's understanding of the holy Hebrew scriptures, the Torah, Satan is a synonym for the Devil. For most Christian sects, he is believed to be an angel who rebelled against God— and also the one who spoke through the serpent and seduced Eve into disobeying God's command. His ultimate goal is to lead people away from the love of God — to lead them to fallacies which God opposes. Satan is also identified as the accuser of Job, the tempter in the Gospels, the secret power of lawlessness in 2 Thessalonians 2:7, and the dragon in the Book of Revelation. Before his alleged insurrection, Satan was the highest of all angels and the "brightest in the sky." His pride is considered a reason why he would not bow to God as all other angels did, but sought to rule heaven himself. The popularly held beliefs that Satan was once a prideful angel who eventually rebels against God, however, are barely portrayed in the Bible and are mostly based on traditions (see Lucifer). Moreover, in mainstream Christianity he is called "the ruler of the demons" (Matt. 12:24), "the ruler of the world" and even "the god of this world." (2Cor. 4:4). The Book of Revelation describes how Satan will be cast out of Heaven, down to the earth, having "great anger" and waging war against "those who obey God's commandments and hold to the testimony of Jesus". Ultimately, Satan is thrown into the "lake of fire" (Revelation 20:10), not as ruler, but as one among many, being treated no different than all the others who have been cast there as well.
In other, non-mainstream, Christian beliefs (e.g. the beliefs of the Christadelphians) the word "satan" in the Bible is not regarded as referring to a supernatural, personal being but to any 'adversary' and figuratively refers to human sin and temptation.[10]
In Islam
Main articles: Shaitan and Iblis
Shaitan (شيطان) is the equivalent of Satan in Islam.
While Shaitan (شيطان, from the root šṭn شطن) is an adjective (meaning "astray" or "distant") that can be applied to both man ("al-ins", الإنس) and Genie, Iblis (pronounced /'ib.liːs/) is the personal name of the Shaitan who is mentioned in the Qur'anic account of Genesis, and whose origin is unclear but is more likely to be made of fire. However, the name Iblis is likely a contraction taken from the Greek "Diabolos".
Whenever the Qur'an refers to the creature who refused to prostrate before Adam at the time of the latter's creation, it refers to him as Iblis. The Islamic view of Iblis has both commonalities and differences with Christian and Jewish views.
Satan, Adam, and Eve
As per the Qur'an, before the creation of Man, Allah created the Angels out of light – which had no free will – and the Genie, made of smokeless fire, with semi-free will. Later Allah created Adam, and ordered all the angels to bow to him. All the angels did, except a Genie called Iblis, who was elevated to be one of the leaders of the Angels. Iblis was proud and considered himself superior. Iblis argued that he was superior to Adam, who was made of modified clay, while he himself was made of smokeless fire. For this Allah damned him to Hell for eternity, but gave him respite till the Doomsday at his request. Then and there Iblis swore that he would use his time to lead all men astray to burn in hell. Allah replied that there would always be followers of Allah, and that the paradise of heaven was available for them, and those who followed Iblis would go with him to Hell where they are to be given an "ample-recompense" or "payment". [11]
After their creation, Adam and Hawwa' (حواء, Adam and Eve) dwelt in Paradise (الجنة, AlJannah), where Allah forbade them to go near the cursed tree. "The Satan" (or al-Shaitan in Arabic), tricked Adam and Hawwa' into eating from the tree. Allah then expelled both of them from Heaven and onto Earth, to wander about not as a punishment. In Islam, Allah created humans to send them on to Earth, which he created for them. He was just to see how long the humans, Adam and Hawwa could stay in heaven or paradise. Then Adam sought to repent to Allah, and Allah taught him the words by which to do so. Allah forgave Adam and Hawwa' and told them "Get ye down all from here; and if, as is sure, there comes to you Guidance from me, whosoever follows My guidance, on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve."[12] Iblis will try to influence as many of their descendants as he possibly could into sin, so as to be his companions in his final destiny into Hell to be recompensed.
Adam remained weeping for 40 days, until he repented.
For a more full account of the creation of Adam, the refusal of Iblis to prostrate before him, and a description of the devil in Islam see Iblis.
Other instances of Satan
Although some other faiths may have an evil figure or entity likened to Satan (see Devil), few have a figure actually named 'Satan'.
In the Bahá'í faith
In the Bahá'í Faith, 'Satan' is not an independent evil power as he is in the Abrahamic faiths, but signifies the "base nature" of humans. 'Abdu'l-Baha, Bahá'u'lláh's successor, wrote: "This lower nature in man is symbolized as Satan -- the evil ego within us, not an evil personality outside."[1]
In Satanism
Main articles: Satanism and LaVeyan Satanism
Much "Satanic" lore does not originate from actual Satanists, but from Christians. Best-known would be the medieval folklore and theology surrounding demons and witches. A more recent example is the so-called Satanic ritual abuse scare of the 1980s; beginning with the memoir Michelle Remembers – which depicts Satanism as a vast conspiracy of elites with a predilection for child-molesting and human sacrifice. This genre regularly describes Satan as actually appearing in person in order to receive worship. Claims of Satanic child-molesting or murder rings are largely unsubstantiated.
People claiming to be Satanists – or outsiders claiming to describe Satanism – ascribe a wide variety of beliefs to this movement. These range from the literal worship of a malevolent spiritual being (Theistic Satanism); to a kind of subversive ritual performance stressing the mockery of Christian symbols (most notably the Black Mass); to the claimed rediscovery of an ancient but misunderstood religion (e.g. Setianism, which conflates Satan with the Egyptian god Set); to an excuse for hedonistic recreation, and the celebration of selfishness and pleasure.
The most prominent and widely known Satanist in recent years was Anton Szandor LaVey, who founded the Church of Satan in 1966. LaVey wrote The Satanic Bible (1969) and other works which remain highly influential (though controversial) among avowed Satanists. LaVey rejects the Black Mass, cruelty to animals, or a literal belief in (or worship of) Satan, instead considering Satan as the human instinct within ourselves, which is what LaVeyan Satanism celebrates. Instead he supports a view of human beings as animals and rejects many social structures that he believes inhibit human instincts.
In occultism
In occult circles, the less well known Azazel (`aza'zel, often translated as "Scapegoat") of Leviticus 16:10 is equated with Satan.
In popular culture
For a discussion of Satan in fiction and pop culture, see
Satan in literature
Satan in popular culture
See also
Akuma
Baal
Beelzebub
Devil
Enlil
Lilith
Samael
Satan in popular culture
Notes
^ American Heritage® Dictionary: Semitic roots: sn. Retrieved on 2006-05-31.
^ "But by the envy of the devil, death came into the world" - Book of Wisdom II. 24
^ Slavonic Book of Enoch, 18:3
^ Martyrdom of Isaiah, 2:2; Vita Adæ et Evæ, 16)
^ Book of Jubilees, xvii. 18
^ The Dictionary of Angels" by Gustav Davidson, © 1967
^ Jewish Encyclopaedia
^ American Heritage® Dictionary: Devil. Retrieved on 2006-05-31.
^ a b
^ Do you Believe in a Devil?. Retrieved on 2007-05-29.
^ Qur'an 17:63 Allah gives Iblis and followers payment/recompense
^ Qur'an 2:38
References
Bamberger, Bernard J. (2006). Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm. Jewish Publication Society of America. ISBN 0-8276-0797-0.
Forsyth, Neil (1987). The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth. Princeton University Press; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-691-01474-4.
Forsyth, Neil (1987). The Satanic Epic. Princeton University Press; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-691-11339-4.
Gentry, Kenneth L. Jr (2002). The Beast of Revelation. American Vision. ISBN 0-915815-41-9.
Graves, Kersey (1995). Biography of Satan: Exposing the Origins of the Devil. Book Tree. ISBN 1-885395-11-6.
Pagels, Elaine (1995). The Origin of Satan. Vintage; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-679-72232-7.
Rudwin, Maximilian (1970). The Devil in Legend and Literature. Open Court. ISBN 0-87548-248-1.
Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1977). The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity. Cornell University Press; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-8014-9413-3.
Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1992). The Prince of Darkness: Radical Evil and the Power of Good in History. Cornell University Press; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-8014-8056-6.
Russell, Jeffrey Burton (2005). The Birth of Satan : Tracing the Devil's Biblical Roots. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6933-7.
External links
Look up Satan in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
SatanChurch Of Satan
Lucifer - Know His Devices
Catholic Encyclopedia
Jewish Encyclopedia
Internet Infidels - The Implausibility of Satan by Paul Doland
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan"
Categories: Semi-protected | Abrahamic mythology | Individual angels | Demons in Christianity | Fallen angels | Satanism | Characters in Paradise Lost | Hubris | Bahá'í interpretation | Hell
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The Name "Lucifer!"
Author: Frank W. Nelte
In the English version of the Bible the name "Lucifer" appears only one time--in Isaiah 14:12. This reads:
"How are you fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning..."
"Lucifer" is not an English word, but a Latin word. The question is: who gave the world this Latin name?
In A.D. 382 Pope Damascus commissioned the scholar Jerome to make an official revision of the Latin versions of the Bible that were floating around in the Catholic Church. Jerome went off to a cave in Bethlehem where he proceeded to make his translation, supposedly based on the Hebrew text, but in practice based very largely on the Septuagint version (i.e. "LXX") that Origen had produced about 140 years earlier while in Caesarea. (The truth about the LXX is another subject that I have discussed in a separate paper.)
Anyway, by A.D. 405 Jerome had completed his work, which we today know as "The Latin Vulgate" Bible. It is far from an infallibly accurate translation of the original texts. Rather, it is an interpretation of thought put into idiomatic, graceful Latin!
For a thousand years this Translation was without a rival--and herein lies the problem!
Jerome had understood that Isaiah 14:12 is talking about Satan. There the Hebrew word "heylel" is used and Jerome translated this into Latin as "lucifer"!
This is a mistranslation!!!
The word "Lucifer" comes from 2 Latin words:
Lux (=light) + ferous (=to bear or carry). Thus the name "Lucifer" means Light-bearer or Light-bringer.
But this is not what the Hebrew word " heylel " means! We'll see later exactly what this word does mean.
Anyway, as a result of this Latin Vulgate translation, which was almost the only version of the Bible in use throughout Europe for the next 1000 years, Satan popularly became known as Lucifer. It should be self-evident that when the first people who translated the Bible into English came along, one of their paradigms was that the name "Lucifer" applied to Satan. When they came to translate Isaiah 14:12 into English, they decided that rather than actually "translate" the word "Heylel," they would simply substitute it with the already well-known (originally) Latin name "Lucifer." And they could do this because on the surface this seems to be a reasonably accurate translation. But it isn't really!
I mentioned earlier that the word "Lucifer" appears only once in the English versions of the Bible. But in the Latin Vulgate translation of Jerome it appears twice! That's right, twice! Where else is this word used and who does it refer to? Jerome certainly knew who it refers to. This knowledge also casts a dark cloud over his intentional use in Isaiah 14:12!
2 Peter 1:19: "...until the day dawn, and the day star arise in your hearts." this is another mistranslation!!!
The two words "day star" are a translation of the one Greek word " phosphoros ." This comes from the two Greek words:
Phos (=light) + phero (=to bear or carry). Thus the Greek word " phosphoros " means Light-bearer or Light-bringer.
Anyone who knows both, Greek and Latin, can verify that the Greek word " Phosphoros " and the Latin word "Lucifer" are absolutely, one hundred percent identical in meaning. "Lucifer" is the perfect translation into Latin of the Greek word " Phosphoros ."
Now let's note the dishonesty, first of the English translators and then of Jerome--
All of the English translators of the Bible know very well that the word " Phosphoros " in 2 Peter 1:19 can be perfectly accurately translated by the word "Lucifer." Instead they have chosen to deliberately obscure this fact. Why?
They knew very well that 2 Peter 1:19 refers without doubt to Jesus Christ. This verse calls Jesus Christ " Phosphoros " (in Greek) or "Lucifer" (in Latin). Yet the translators have hidden this fact behind the words "day star." The facts are that "Phosphoros " has absolutely nothing to do with either "day" or "star"! The translators simply borrowed a term that is elsewhere used for Christ--namely "morning star" in Revelation 2:28 (Greek = proinos + aster) and in Revelation 22:16 (Greek = orthrinos + aster).
To translate "phosphoros " as "day star" is plain dishonesty!!!
Now let's look at Jerome. The phrases quoted under point #8 above are translated by Jerome into Latin as follows:
"... donec dies elucescat et lucifer oriatur in cordibus vestris ."
Notice that Jerome correctly translated the Greek " phosphoros " into the Latin word " lucifer ." Jerome obviously knew that this verse refers to Jesus Christ--yet he wrote " lucifer " with a small "l" and did not capitalize the word. He also knew that he had translated the word " phosphoros " perfectly into Latin.
Jerome knew that in the New Testament "Lucifer" is a title for Jesus Christ; yet he still chose to also translate the less-clearly defined Hebrew word "Heylel" in Isaiah 14:12 as "Lucifer," knowing that this word referred to Satan--and here Jerome started the word with a capital "L,".
So with Jerome, Satan gets a name that refers to Christ with a capital letter--and Christ gets His own name only with a small letter.
Now let's look at the Hebrew word " heylel "--
It is used only once in the Bible, in Isaiah 14:12 . That does not give us any further insight. But "Heylel" is derived from the primitive root word " halal " It is this word that gives us understanding of what "Heylel" really means. I might add here that this is also the only way that Jerome and the English translators could come to an understanding of what "Heylel" means--by clearly understanding the meaning of the word that "Heylel" is derived from, since it is only used one single time.
" Halal " is used 165 times in the Old Testament and it is translated as follows in the KJV:
117 times = Praise
14 times = Glory
10 times = Boast
8 times = Mad
3 times = Shine(d)
3 times = Foolish
2 times = Fools
2 times = Commended
2 times = Rage
1 time = Celebrate
1 time = Give
1 time = Marriage
1 time = Renowned
This should make clear that the translators felt they should attach over a dozen different meanings to this word " Halal ." The meanings are both, good and bad; both, positive and negative.
There is no question that this word has a good, positive meaning. But neither is there any question that it also has a bad, negative meaning. Jerome, without the slightest proof available to him, decided to give the word "Heylel" a good, positive meaning. All the major translators into English have simply followed Jerome's lead, who was working for Pope Damascus, remember?
Anyone who has studied what God tells us about Satan, should realize immediately that Satan is--"mad, boastful, a fool and foolish and he does rage." These words with which " Halal " is translated in numerous places, fit Satan perfectly.
The very next verses in Isaiah show Satan boasting! Read Isaiah 14:13 - 14! That is why God calls him " heylel "--because he boasted!! What could be plainer?
"For you hast said in thine heart, I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God: I will sit also upon the mount of the congregation, in the sides of the north: I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most high" (Isaiah 14:13.
Satan's "boasting" is so very obvious in these verses!
Now here are some of the places where " Halal " is translated as:
"Mad" = 1 Samuel 21:13; Psalms 102:8; Ecclesiastes 2:2; 7:7; Isaiah 44:25; Jeremiah 25:16; 50:38; 51:7;
"Fools" = Job 12:17; Psalms 75:4;
"Foolish" = Psalms 5:5; 73:3; 75:4;
"Rage" = Jer. 46:9; Nahum 2:4;
"Boast" = 1 Kings 20:11; Psalms 10:3; 34:2; 44:8; 49:6; 52:1; 97:7; Proverbs 20:14; 25:14; 27:1.
It should be very clear by now that "Heylel" has nothing to do with the words "Star" or "Day" or "Morning" or "Bringing" or "Carrying." Notice also that he is "the son (Hebrew = the product) of the morning" (Isaiah 14:12). Christ is the Morning Star and it is He who created Satan. And Satan has deceived all of mankind into giving him the exalted title, which is what it really is, and which rightfully belongs to Jesus Christ, of "Light-Bringer." One clear fulfillment of Revelation 12:9--.
Paul explained this in 2 Corinthians 11:14, where he tells us: "...for Satan himself is transformed (Greek = disguised) into an angel of light." Do you grasp this? He has deceived the world into believing that Isaiah 14:12 tells us that he used to hold Christ's job (as per 2 Peter 1:19 )--that he used to be an angel who was a "Light-bringer."
Once you get rid of the old paradigm that "Lucifer is a name that used to refer to Satan" and grasp that the Bible identifies Christ as "Lucifer" (or "Phosphoros " in Greek), the Light-bringer, then you'll be surprised how many scriptures literally flood into your mind in support of this--. e.g.
John 8:12 = "I am the light of the world..."
John 3:19 = "...that light is come into the world..."
John 1:4 - 8 = "...in Him was...the light of men..."
John 12:36 = "...believe in the light..." etc., etc..
We need to understand that God has absolutely no reason to reveal Satan's previous name to us. Why should we have to know it? (Apart from Ezekiel 28:12-15) nowhere in the bible is anything good said about Satan!! Notice that in Ezekiel 28, where God does speak about Satan's existence before the creation of man, God reveals that Satan had been an anointed cherub--but God does not use any name that previously applied to Satan. Why not? If it was a "good" name that we should know about, it would have fitted perfectly into this description of Satan's prior glory. But Ezekiel 28 carefully avoids hinting at any previous name. And so why should Isaiah 14:12 be an exception--by giving us a lofty title that supposedly belonged to Satan at one time, and which Peter in fact tells us is Christ's title?
Whatever name Satan may have had previously is totally blotted out before God--it is as though Satan never ever had that name. That's what sin does--it totally blots out any memory of any good that went before. That's what God tells us in Ezekiel 3:20 and 18:24 and 33:13. If the righteous turns away from God, then--"all his righteousness shall not be remembered." Isn't this plain enough? After Satan sinned, why should God want us to know about Satan's supposed "good name" from a previous time???
Understand this: even if "Lucifer" really had at one stage been Satan's name, God still would not want us to use it in reference to Satan! It is God who reveals Satan to us by the name "Satan"! And it is God who reveals Satan as a braggart in Isaiah 14:12-14.
Satan is the god of this age (2 Corinthians 4:4) who has blinded the minds of people. He has churches and ministers who disguise themselves as "...the ministers of righteousness" (2 Corinthians, a plain reference to them disguising themselves as "Christians." Satan's universal ("catholic") church gave Satan one of Christ's names by means of a mistranslation from the Hebrew into Latin. Jerome was clearly working for Satan when he converted the Greek word "Phosphoros ," used in 2 Peter 1:19 for Jesus Christ, into a personal name for Satan in the Old Testament. Jerome knew that "Phosphoros " refers to Christ. If he really was a Hebrew scholar, as is generally claimed, then he also knew that "Halal " also has negative connotations like "mad, boast, foolish," etc. because he would have had to translate this word into Latin 165 times. Did Jerome really not understand the context of boasting in this passage??
For over 1000 years this name was used for Satan in the western world. It was placed above question as a former name for Satan. So translators and students of the Biblical languages and of Latin have also accepted this as a fact that should not be questioned. Satan clearly does not want his "right" to the name "Lucifer" questioned. Those who use it for Satan show they are "worshipping" Satan--by attributing one of Christ's names to Satan.
I could carry on with some more points, but I feel that the above information should suffice to understand that Satan is never referred to as " lucifer " in the Word of God. So what about you--will you continue to refer to Satan as having once been called "Lucifer"?? You now know the facts!
Author: Frank W. Nelte
Godkind web pages created and material written by Jeffrey T. Maehr. Copyright © 1997, 2007. All rights reserved. Reproduction allowed if credit to this website is listed with material. All other authors or copyrights listed accordingly.
SATAN, THE ADVERSARY OF MANKIND
Satan, also known as the devil, is mentioned frequently in the Bible. There are many popular ideas about this evil spirit being. Some think that Satan is not real, but is rather a personification of the wickedness that abides in the world. Others admit that the devil exists, but presume that he is now confined in the fiery pits of an ever burning hell. Still others believe that Satan is free and actively promoting sinfulness in our world today. What is the truth? What does the Bible tell us about this evil being?
God's Word clearly teaches the reality of Satan as a personal entity. He is presented as an evil being who affects humanity by his actions. Many details about the devil are available in the Bible, but the facts have to be searched out. In this article we will piece together what the Scriptures have to say about Satan and draw conclusions from the Bible and other available sources.
Although the Bible doesn't tell us explicitly, evidence suggests that the angelic realm was formed sometime during the first three days of creation, before God brought forth the dry land on the earth. This understanding is supported by passages from Nehemiah and Job:
NEHEMIAH 9:6 You alone are the LORD; You have made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with all their host, the earth and everything on it, the seas and all that is in them, and You preserve them all. The host of heaven worships You. (NKJV)
JOB 38:4 "Where were you when I laid the foundations of the earth? Tell Me, if you have understanding. 5 Who determined its measurements? Surely you know! Or who stretched the line upon it? 6 To what were its foundations fastened? Or who laid its cornerstone, 7 when the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? (NKJV)
The "host of heaven" mentioned in Nehemiah 9:6 is a reference to angels, as are the parallel terms "morning stars" and "sons of God" in Job 38:7. The passage from Job suggests that the angels were present when God "laid the foundations of the earth" (probably a reference to the separation of the dry land from the water on the third day of creation).
Now that we have an idea when the angels were originally formed, let's examine what the Bible reveals about the creation of Satan:
EZEKIEL 28:12 "Son of man, take up a lament concerning the king of Tyre and say to him: 'This is what the Sovereign LORD says: "'You were the model of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty. 13 You were in Eden, the garden of God; every precious stone adorned you: ruby, topaz and emerald, chrysolite, onyx and jasper, sapphire, turquoise and beryl. Your settings and mountings were made of gold; on the day you were created they were prepared. 14 You were anointed as a guardian cherub, for so I ordained you. You were on the holy mount of God; you walked among the fiery stones. 15 You were blameless in your ways from the day you were created till wickedness was found in you. 16 Through your widespread trade you were filled with violence, and you sinned. So I drove you in disgrace from the mount of God, and I expelled you, O guardian cherub, from among the fiery stones. 17 Your heart became proud on account of your beauty, and you corrupted your wisdom because of your splendor. So I threw you to the earth; I made a spectacle of you before kings. 18 By your many sins and dishonest trade you have desecrated your sanctuaries . . ." (NIV)
Satan is never mentioned by name in this passage. However, there are some clues in Ezekiel 28 that identify the entities being spoken of here. The chapter starts with God's proclamation against the "Prince of Tyre" (v. 2). This prince is proud and says, "I am a god, I sit in the seat of gods" (v. 2). These words mirror what Paul says about the "Man of Sin" (II The. 2:4). Ezekiel 28:1-10 is speaking figuratively of the coming Antichrist.
We see another message beginning in Ezekiel 28:11, this one addressed by God to the "King of Tyre." However, because of the things said about this king, it is clear that God is not speaking to a mere man. This king is the one who will give his authority to the Prince of Tyre at the end of the age (Rev. 13:2). This king is the ancient dragon, Satan.
The first thing to notice from this passage in Ezekiel is that the "king of Tyre" (Satan) was in the Garden of Eden and he was "the seal of perfection." When does the Bible show that the Garden of Eden was created?
GENESIS 2:8 The LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden, and there He put the man whom He had formed. (NKJV)
Genesis 2:8 seems to indicate that the Garden of Eden was planted by God after He created man. Ezekiel 28:13 reveals that Satan was in Eden before he sinned. Therefore, contrary to traditional understanding, Satan was in the Garden of Eden with Adam and Eve before he fell.
This anointed guardian cherub was likely one of the two angels who covered the mercy seat with their wings (see Heb. 8:5; 9:5, 23-24; Exo. 25:20; 37:9; I Kings 6:19-28; 8:6-7; I Chr. 28:18; II Chr.3:10-13; 5:7-8). However, because of pride, this cherub's wisdom was corrupted, as I Timothy 3:6 implies.
I TIMOTHY 3:6 Not a novice, lest being puffed up with pride he fall into the same condemnation as the devil. (NKJV)
How did pride cause Satan to fall into condemnation? The Bible doesn't tell us directly, but there are enough clues to figure out the answer to this question.
Genesis 1:26-28 shows that God made mankind in His "image":
GENESIS 1:26 Then God ['elohim] said, "Let us make man in our image, according to our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth." 27 So God ['elohim] created man in His own image; in the image of God ['elohim] He created him; male and female He created them. 28 Then God ['elohim] blessed them, and God ['elohim] said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth." (NKJV)
There are several theories about what it means to be made "in the image of God." This passage makes it clear that being made in God's image is what makes mankind (both men and women) different from the rest of the creation.
Mankind is like 'elohim in some way because we are made in the image of 'elohim, but how? Michael S. Heiser, an ancient Hebrew language expert, gives the following explanation in answer to this question:
. . . This points to viewing the image in a FUNCTIONAL sense (i.e., we are created to "image" God) as opposed to a QUALITATIVE sense (as though the image is some quality or ability given to us; i.e., the image is some possessed attribute).
. . . When Scripture speaks of mankind being created in the image of God, what is meant is that mankind has been created to represent God on earth.
. . . God deliberately created mankind to rule the earth, and to accomplish this purpose, he created man as his own image - He made man his co-regent / representative ruler.
The image of God then, refers to our unique status as human beings, rulers in God's stead, according to His own will. We are created AS his image - to function as he would were he administering His own affairs directly. Our abilities - unequally given to us in the providence of God are not THE image, but only a means to carrying out His expressed and often secret end. (pp. 8, 9, 10, 11, "The Image of God in Scripture")
This understanding of "the image of God" is supported by the immediate text, which shows that mankind's duties included having dominion over the earth and every living creature on it. This interpretation is also supported by a related passage of Scripture in Psalm 8:
PSALM 8:4 What is man that You are mindful of him, and the son of man that You visit him? 5 For You have made him a little lower than the angels, and You have crowned him with glory and honor. 6 You have made him to have dominion over the works of Your hands; You have put all things under his feet, 7 all sheep and oxen -- even the beasts of the field, 8 the birds of the air, and the fish of the sea that pass through the paths of the seas. (NKJV)
In addition to showing the position of mankind on the earth, this psalm also alludes to the reason for Satan's ultimate fall. Verse 5 tells us that humanity was made "a little lower than the angels." However, it was men, not angels, who were given rulership over the earth.
As Ezekiel 28:12 tells us, Satan was "the model of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty" when he was created. Yet neither he nor any of the other angels were given dominion over the earth initially. Rather, Adam, a being Satan must have considered inferior to himself, was given this power. It's easy to see why Satan's pride led him to sin.
Ezekiel 28:16 tells us that Satan was filled with violence and sinned through his "widespread trade." The Hebrew word rendered "trade" in Ezekiel 28:16 is rekullatekha; it is a form of the noun rekulla, which means "merchandise" or "traffic." However, rekulla is derived from the root word rakal, which means "to go about." A closely-related derivative, rakil, means "slanderer." In the New Testament, Satan is often called the "devil," or diabolos in Greek. Not coincidentally, the literal meaning of diabolos and its variations is also "slanderer."
The account of Satan in Ezekiel 28 probably involves aspects of both "merchandising" and "slander." The Scriptures imply that Satan, likely through peddling his slander, turned one-third of the angelic host against God (Rev. 12:3-4). It's not hard to imagine that Satan went around to the angels, seeking to build support for his contention that they were far better qualified to run the earth than mankind was. It was through this slanderous "merchandising" that Satan became filled with violence against humanity.
Eventually, Satan developed a plan that he must have felt would deliver to him the position he believed should have rightfully been his in the beginning. He decided to deceive the humans in the Garden into disobeying God's direct command. After having proven mankind unworthy of the rulership position God had placed them in, Satan, in his arrogant pride, must have thought God would see that he should be given authority over the world in their place.
It's in this context that we see Satan approach Eve in the Garden of Eden:
GENESIS 3:1 Now the serpent was more cunning than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said to the woman, "Has God indeed said, 'You shall not eat of every tree of the garden'?" 2 And the woman said to the serpent, "We may eat the fruit of the trees of the garden; 3 but of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God has said, 'You shall not eat it, nor shall you touch it, lest you die.' " 4 Then the serpent said to the woman, "You will not surely die. 5 For God knows that in the day you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil." 6 So when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree desirable to make one wise, she took of its fruit and ate. She also gave to her husband with her, and he ate. (NKJV)
The Bible elsewhere identifies Satan with the serpent in this story. In Revelation 12:9 and 20:2, he is called "that serpent of old, called the Devil and Satan." Did he appear to Eve in the form of a talking snake? Probably not.
The Hebrew word translated "serpent" in the above passage is נחש (nachash). In addition to "serpent," this Hebrew root word has three other possible meanings. It can be used as a noun to mean (1) "one who practices divination," or (2) "shining brass." However, nachash can also be used as a verb to mean (3) "to shine" or "to glow."
In Genesis 3, it is possible that nachash is used in the verbal form as a noun. If that is the case, the proper translation of hanachash in Genesis 3 would be "the Shining one." This understanding of nachash fits in very well with Paul's description of Satan appearing as an "angel of light" (II Cor. 11:14).
Notice Satan's tactics with Eve. He didn't lie to her outright, but instead he twisted the truth. He led Eve to doubt God's word.
GENESIS 3:7 Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked; and they sewed fig leaves together and made themselves coverings. 8 And they heard the sound of the LORD God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God among the trees of the garden. 9 Then the LORD God called to Adam and said to him, "Where are you?" 10 So he said, "I heard Your voice in the garden, and I was afraid because I was naked; and I hid myself." 11 And He said, "Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree of which I commanded you that you should not eat?" 12 Then the man said, "The woman whom You gave to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I ate." 13 And the LORD God said to the woman, "What is this you have done?" The woman said, "The serpent deceived me, and I ate." (NKJV)
Although Satan apparently believed that the downfall of mankind would benefit him, it actually turned out to be his undoing. God was not pleased with his role in man's disobedience, and he was cursed for his deviousness:
GENESIS 3:14 So the LORD God said to the serpent: "Because you have done this, you are cursed more than all cattle, and more than every beast of the field; on your belly you shall go, and you shall eat dust all the days of your life. 15 And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her Seed; He shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise His heel." (NKJV)
Satan's plan to rectify the "mistake" God had made by putting humans in charge of the earth backfired. As well as showing God the flaws of man, Satan revealed his own shortcomings. This resulted in God placing an age-lasting animosity between mankind and Satan. From that point forward, "the Shining one" became "the Adversary" (Heb. haSatan) of humanity. The enmity God placed between man and Satan is alluded to by Paul in the conclusion of his letter to the Romans:
ROMANS 16:20 And the God of peace will crush Satan under your feet shortly. The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you. Amen. (NKJV)
Satan's actions did achieve their desired aim; God cast man out of the Garden of Eden for his sin (Gen. 3:24). In his fallen state, man was condemned to suffer death because of Adam's sin, as Paul tells us in his letter to the Romans:
ROMANS 5:12 Therefore, just as through one man sin entered the world, and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men, because all sinned . . . 14 Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over those who had not sinned according to the likeness of the transgression of Adam, who is a type of Him who was to come. (NKJV)
Because Satan enticed mankind to sin and bring death upon themselves, he is called a murderer:
JOHN 8:44 "You are of your father the devil, and you want to do the desires of your father. He was a murderer from the beginning, and does not stand in the truth because there is no truth in him. Whenever he speaks a lie, he speaks from his own nature, for he is a liar and the father of lies. (NASU)
"The beginning" spoken of by Yeshua refers to the beginning of God's plan, when mankind was in the Garden of Eden before the fall (Gen. 2). "The beginning" here is not referring to Satan's creation, because we know God originally made him perfect (Eze. 28:15; Gen. 1:31).
John also speaks of Satan being a sinner from "the beginning":
I JOHN 3:8 The one who practices sin is of the devil; for the devil has sinned from the beginning. . . . (NASU)
In man's place, Satan became the temporary ruler of the world. The devil's temptation of Yeshua in the wilderness clearly shows this:
LUKE 4:5 Then the devil, taking Him up on a high mountain, showed Him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time. 6 And the devil said to Him, "All this authority I will give You, and their glory; for this has been delivered to me, and I give it to whomever I wish." (NKJV)
Satan tempted Yeshua for the same reason he had enticed Eve in the Garden. He knew that Yeshua was in the process of regaining rulership over the world and replacing him. He also knew that if he could get Yeshua to sin (as he had with Adam and Eve), then he could thwart God's plan and remain the ruler of the world. Where Adam and Eve had succumbed to Satan's deception and disqualified mankind from ruling the earth, Yeshua withstood the temptation and triumphed. This victory paved the way for him to eventually reclaim rulership at his second coming.
Just before his crucifixion, Yeshua alluded to Satan's status as the current ruler of the world:
JOHN 14:30 "I will no longer talk much with you, for the ruler of this world is coming, and he has nothing in Me." (NKJV)
Paul refers to Satan as "the god of this age" in his second letter to the Corinthians:
II CORINTHIANS 4:3 But even if our gospel is veiled, it is veiled to those who are perishing, 4 whose minds the god of this age has blinded, who do not believe, lest the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine on them. (NKJV)
Mark's Gospel clearly shows us that Satan is the one who is responsible for blinding those who can't see the good news of the Messiah:
MARK 4:14 "The sower sows the word. 15 And these are the ones by the wayside where the word is sown. When they hear, Satan comes immediately and takes away the word that was sown in their hearts. (NKJV)
As the "god of this age," Satan rules over the other fallen angels and the demons:
MATTHEW 12:24 But when the Pharisees heard it they said, "It is only by Beelzebul, the prince of demons, that this man casts out demons." 25 Knowing their thoughts, he said to them, "Every kingdom divided against itself is laid waste, and no city or house divided against itself will stand; 26 and if Satan casts out Satan, he is divided against himself; how then will his kingdom stand?" (RSV)
Here Satan is called "Beelzebul," which literally means "lord of the flies." He is identified as the "prince of demons." We also know from the Scriptures that Satan is the ruler of the fallen angels (Matt. 25:41; Rev. 12:9). For an examination of the difference between fallen angels and demons, refer to my related article.
When demons bring sickness and ailments upon people, we find that Satan is blamed:
LUKE 13:11 And behold, there was a woman who had a spirit of infirmity eighteen years, and was bent over and could in no way raise herself up. 12 But when Jesus saw her, He called her to Him and said to her, "Woman, you are loosed from your infirmity." 13 And He laid His hands on her, and immediately she was made straight, and glorified God. . . . 16 "So ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham, whom Satan has bound -- think of it -- for eighteen years, be loosed from this bond on the Sabbath?" (NKJV)
ACTS 10:38 "How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and with power, who went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for God was with Him." (NKJV)
Contrary to popular opinion, the Bible clearly shows that Satan has not been restricted to hell after his fall. Indeed, the Old Testament shows that, before the first coming of Yeshua the Messiah, Satan continued to have access to the very throne of God:
JOB 1:6 Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan also came among them. (NKJV)
JOB 2:1 Again there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan came also among them to present himself before the LORD. (NKJV)
Satan used his access to the heavenly throne to slander and accuse God's people before YHVH and the divine council, as the story in Job shows. Zechariah also saw Satan in action as the accuser in a vision:
ZECHARIAH 3:1 Then he showed me Joshua the high priest standing before the Angel of the LORD, and Satan standing at his right side to accuse him. 2 The LORD said to Satan, "The LORD rebuke you, Satan! The LORD, who has chosen Jerusalem, rebuke you! Is not this man a burning stick snatched from the fire?" (NIV)
When Christ triumphantly returned to heaven after his crucifixion and resurrection (Rev. 12:5), Satan and his angels were cast out and no longer had access to the throne:
REVELATION 12:7 Now war arose in heaven, Michael and his angels fighting against the dragon; and the dragon and his angels fought, 8 but they were defeated and there was no longer any place for them in heaven. 9 And the great dragon was thrown down, that ancient serpent, who is called the Devil and Satan, the deceiver of the whole world -- he was thrown down to the earth, and his angels were thrown down with him. (RSV)
Some have incorrectly believed that this passage refers to Satan's initial fall. Yet the time sequence established in Revelation 12 clearly indicates that this ejection from heaven is after the Messiah returned from the earth and before his second coming at the end of this age.
Yeshua, just before his crucifixion, stated that his triumph on the cross would allow for Satan to be cast out of heaven:
JOHN 12:31 "Now is the judgment of this world, now shall the ruler of this world be cast out; 32 and I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all men to myself." (RSV)
JOHN 16:11 "Concerning judgment, because the ruler of this world is judged." (RSV)
Christ told his disciples that when he had gone back into heaven after his resurrection, the Father would send His Spirit to teach them all things and bring them into remembrance of all the things that he had said to them (John 14:26). But in addition, he warned them of the coming of Satan to the earth after his departure.
John records an angel speaking from heaven who gives warning to the earth about Satan:
REVELATION 12:10 Then I heard a loud voice saying in heaven, "Now salvation, and strength, and the kingdom of our God, and the power of His Christ have come, for the accuser of our brethren, who accused them before our God day and night, has been cast down. 11 And they overcame him by the blood of the Lamb and by the word of their testimony, and they did not love their lives to the death. 12 Therefore rejoice, O heavens, and you who dwell in them! Woe to the inhabitants of the earth and the sea! For the devil has come down to you, having great wrath, because he knows that he has a short time." (NKJV)
Satan now roams the earth looking for those whom he can prey upon:
I PETER 5:8 Be self-controlled and alert. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. (NIV)
Paul tells us how to avoid becoming the prey of Satan:
EPHESIANS 6:10 Finally, my brethren, be strong in the Lord and in the power of His might. 11 Put on the whole armor of God, that you may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil. 12 For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers of the darkness of this age, against spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavenly places. 13 Therefore take up the whole armor of God, that you may be able to withstand in the evil day, and having done all, to stand. 14 Stand therefore, having girded your waist with truth, having put on the breastplate of righteousness, 15 and having shod your feet with the preparation of the gospel of peace; 16 above all, taking the shield of faith with which you will be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked one. 17 And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God; (NKJV)
James also gives believers advice on thwarting the devil's schemes:
JAMES 4:7 Therefore submit to God. Resist the devil and he will flee from you. 8 Draw near to God and He will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, you sinners; and purify your hearts, you double-minded. (NKJV)
Paul, in his second letter to Timothy, speaks of those who have been caught by the devil:
II TIMOTHY 2:24 And a servant of the Lord must not quarrel but be gentle to all, able to teach, patient, 25 in humility correcting those who are in opposition, if God perhaps will grant them repentance, so that they may know the truth, 26 and that they may come to their senses and escape the snare of the devil, having been taken captive by him to do his will. (NKJV)
Now that we've examined Satan's origin and activities, let's look at the final destiny of Satan. What do the Scriptures say will be his ultimate fate? Yeshua briefly mentioned this in his dissertation on the judgment in Matthew 25:
MATTHEW 25:41 "Then He will also say to those on the left hand, 'Depart from Me, you cursed, into the everlasting fire prepared for the devil and his angels: (NKJV)
Revelation 19 describes the battle between the forces of the Antichrist and Yeshua at the end of this age. After the defeat and destruction of "the beast" and "the false prophet," the Bible reveals that Satan himself will be captured and imprisoned for a thousand years:
REVELATION 20:1 Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven, having the key to the bottomless pit [abussou, "Abyss"] and a great chain in his hand. 2 He laid hold of the dragon, that serpent of old, who is the Devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years; 3 and he cast him into the bottomless pit [abusson, "Abyss"], and shut him up, and set a seal on him, so that he should deceive the nations no more till the thousand years were finished. But after these things he must be released for a little while. (NKJV)
ISAIAH 24:21 So it will happen in that day, that the LORD will punish the host of heaven on high, and the kings of the earth on earth. 22 They will be gathered together like prisoners in the dungeon, and will be confined in prison; and after many days they will be punished. (NASU)
REVELATION 20:7 And when the thousand years are ended, Satan will be loosed from his prison 8 and will come out to deceive the nations which are at the four corners of the earth, that is, Gog and Magog, to gather them for battle; their number is like the sand of the sea. 9 And they marched up over the broad earth and surrounded the camp of the saints and the beloved city; but fire came down from heaven and consumed them, 10 and the devil who had deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire and sulphur where the beast and the false prophet were, and they will be tormented day and night for ever and ever. (RSV)
Satan's final rebellion against God will be thwarted, and God will finally deal with the devil. The tenth verse of Revelation 20 describes how God handles Satan. Just what does this verse tell us about the fate of the Adversary?
The first part of the answer lies in the Greek word basanisthesontai, translated "tormented" here. Understanding the true meaning of basanisthesontai, which comes from the verb basanizo and the noun basanos, is one of the major keys to accurately interpreting Revelation 20:10.
According to Friberg, basanisthesontai means "strictly, rub upon the touchstone (basanos), a Lydian stone used to test the genuineness of metals; hence, test or make proof of anything . . ."
The history found in the Theological Dictionary of the New Testament of how the meaning of these words evolved over time is very helpful in correctly understanding this verse:
. . . The βάσανος [basanos] originally belongs to the calling of the inspector of coins. It is linked with the Heb. root בחן ("to test") . . . βάσανος is generally accepted to be a loan word . . . The testing of gold and silver as media of exchange by the proving stone, was first developed by the Babylonians, then came to the Aramaeans and Hebrews by way of Lydia . . . and from them to the Gks. In non-biblical Gk. βάσανος is a commercial expression, or is used in relation to government. It then acquires the meaning of the checking of calculations, which develops naturally out of the basic sense of βάσανος, βασανίζειν [basanizein] . . . In the spiritual sphere it has the figur. sense, which is closely related to the original concrete meaning, of a means of testing . . .
The word then undergoes a change in meaning. The original sense fades into the background. βάσανος now comes to denote "torture" or "the rack," espec. used with slaves . . . βάσανος occurs in the sense of "torment" . . .
The change in meaning is best explained if we begin with the object of treatment. If we put men instead of metal or a coin, the stone of testing become[s] torture or the rack. The metal which has survived the testing stone is subjected to harsher treatment. Man is in the same position when severely tested by torture. In the testing of metal an essential role was played by the thought of testing and proving genuineness. The rack is a means of showing the true state of affairs. In its proper sense it is a means of testing and proving, though also of punishment. Finally, even this special meaning was weakened and only the general element of torture remained (pp. 561, 562, vol. I, emphasis mine).
The meaning of Revelation 20:10 is that Satan (and implicitly, all those who haven't submitted to God by the end of the Millennium) will be cast into the lake of fire. There Satan and the wicked will be punished for their rebellion. In addition to punishing, the lake of fire will also test, prove, and refine those in it. However, this process is not "eternal" as we understand the concept.
To verify this, let's look closely at the final phrase "forever and ever." Friberg says that this phrase, translated from the Greek eis tous aionas ton aionon, literally means "into the ages of the ages." The Greek nouns aionas and aionon are plural forms of the Greek aion, which simply means an "eon" or "age." This word refers to an indefinite period of time; however, it does not convey the idea of eternity.
This Greek phrase is used numerous times in the Scriptures (see Gal. 1:5; Phi. 4:20; I Tim. 1:17; II Tim. 4:18; Heb. 13:21; I Pet. 4:11; Rev. 1:6, 18; 4:9, 10; 5:13, 14; 7:12; 10:6; 11:15; 15:7; 19:3; 22:5). Most people assume that this phrase means "eternity"; however, some scholars realize that this connotation was not present in the original Koine ("common") Greek of the New Testament. In his work on the original meanings of aion and aionios, Louis Abbott writes:
The Greek phrase eis tous aionas ton aionon, "for the eons of the eons," occurs about twenty times in the Greek New Testament in this combination. The ASV margin and some other versions, lexicons, dictionaries, and commentaries translate the phrase correctly.
Windet, in De Vita Functora Statu, of 1633 says (p. 170), "eis tous aionas ton aionon, of the New Testament meant a finite period."
At 1 Cor. 15:25, where the Greek text shows, dei gar auton basileuein achri hou the pantas tous echthrous hupo tous podas autou, "For He must be reigning until He should be placing all His enemies under His feet." This clearly states that Christ's reigning is limited. There is no Scripture to contradict the statement when aion and aionios are correctly translated.
Dr. William Barclay concurs in his commentary (p. 166-169) on The Letters to the Corinthians. If the Greek words eis tous aionas ton aionon mean endless time, as translated in the KJV, "forever and ever," we have a contradiction in Scripture, for Rev. 11:15 says, in the same version: "The kingdoms of this world are become the kingdoms of our Lord and His Christ, and He shall reign forever and ever." That contradicts 1 Cor. 15:25, which says: "He must be reigning till . . ." If Rev. 11:15 is translated "eons of the eons," or "ages of the ages," there is no contradiction. The ASV says (1 Cor. 15:24-25), "Then cometh the end, when He shall deliver up the kingdom to God, even the Father; When He shall have abolished all rule and all authority and power. For He must reign till He hath put all His enemies under His feet;" consequently, the reigning of Christ Jesus and the saints (Rev. 22:5) will be "for the eons of the eons" or "for the ages of the ages." (ch. 5, An Analytical Study of Words)
A correct understanding of "into the ages of the ages" shows that Satan, as well as those who worship the "beast" (Rev. 14:11) will be refined in the lake of fire for an indeterminate, probably lengthy, but still finite, amount of time. The use of the phrase "day and night" in Revelation 20:10 also bears this out, since time as we understand it does not exist in eternity.
One final point regarding Satan needs to be addressed. Some believe that God created Satan to be evil and to fulfill a specific purpose here on the earth as the adversary and tempter of mankind. Those who teach this doctrine primarily cite three Scriptures in support of their position: John 8:44, I John 3:8 and Isaiah 45:7. We've already looked at John 8:44 and I John 3:8, so let's now examine Isaiah 45:7:
ISAIAH 45:7 I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil [ra']: I the LORD do all these things. (KJV)
On the surface, this verse appears to give a scriptural basis for the belief that God created Satan with an inherently evil nature. However, when we research this passage, a different picture emerges.
The KJV does imply that God was the creator of evil. However, this same version also renders the Hebrew word ra' (translated "evil" in this passage) as "adversity" and "affliction" elsewhere.
If we look at this verse more closely, we can see what YHVH is saying through Isaiah. God is obviously differentiating between two opposites with the first pair of things He mentions ("light" and "dark"). To stay consistent, the second pair of things God lists ("peace," shalom in Hebrew, and "evil") must also be opposites. Yet we know the opposite of evil is good. However, "adversity," another valid translation of ra', is the opposite of shalom, which can mean "prosperity," "safety," and "contentment" in addition to "peace."
Many modern versions translate this phrase more accurately than the KJV, as the following examples show: "I make peace and create calamity" - NKJV; "I make weal and create woe" - RSV; "I make good fortune and create calamity" - Jerusalem Bible; "author alike of prosperity and trouble" - NEB. When translated properly, this verse cannot be used to "prove" that God created Satan to be the evil enemy of mankind.
Yes, Satan did sin from the beginning (John 8:44; I John 3:8). But these verses, when correctly understood, do not substantiate the belief that God created Satan evil. This doctrine contradicts the Scripture, which shows that all of God's creation was perfect at first:
GENESIS 1:31 Then God saw everything that He had made, and indeed it was very good. So the evening and the morning were the sixth day. (NKJV)
CONCLUSION
The Bible gives quite a bit of information about Satan. To understand the truth, all the information has to be pieced together. Satan is currently the "god" of this world; he is the highest ranking evil spirit being. The devil has authority over the fallen angels and the demons. In the end, Christ will return and subjugate all who won't submit to God's authority, including Satan and his angels. Their punishment will be age-lasting destruction and refinement within the lake of fire.
Bryan T. Huie
July 12, 1997
Revised: January 17, 2003
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heres some information that is somewhat interesting...http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/jim_meritt/bible-contradictions.html
GEN 1:25 And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
(my take on this that the niandrathalls are a complete different race from humans and that they in fact did not prgress to be what we are today..it is possible thatthey are the beast which is spoken of)
http://www.godshew.org/Revelations10.htm
Son of Man is always associated with "them",division and destruction: 1Thessalonians 5:3; Whereas Son of God is associated with "us", : 1Thess 5:9 whom God hath not appointed unto wrath "law" worketh wrath , nor destruction which comes upon "them" who say Peace & Safety (Grace & Law), safety in law. Not!
( it is possible from the sons of man and the sons of god mingling sexually with eachothers daughters that a new race was created..but what was/is that race?)
http://www.vampyra.com/demons/angels.htm
Fallen Angels
"The fiend with all his comrades
Fell then from heaven above,
Through as long as three nights and days,
The angels from heaven into hell;
And them all the Lord transformed to devils,
Because they his deed and word
Would not revere"
In Heaven, his name was Lucifer (light bearer), he was God's most beautiful angel. But even in this position, Lucifer was not content. He took inordinate pride in his own angelic nature - he was overly pleased with his supernatural gifts, his immortality, his closeness to God. And eventually, his pride became so great that he was angered at having a master of any kind, even God.
He wanted to control his own destiny and so he rebelled against God and all of Heaven. He threw up his banner, recruited his army of equally discontented angels and waged war against God for supremacy.
To lead his own troops, God appointed the archangel Michael as his field commander:
"And there was war in heaven: Michael and his angels fought against the dragon; and the dragon fought and his angels, and prevailed not; neither was their place found any more in heaven. And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceived the whole world; he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him ... Therefore rejoice, ye heavens, and ye that dwell in them. Woe to the inhabitors of the earth and of the seal for the devil is come down unto you, having great wrath ..." ( - - - Revelation 12: 7-9, 12)
Thus having fallen from Heaven, Lucifer was no more -- he had a new name, Satan (the Hebrew word for "adversary") and his new domain was Hell .
The angels who had fallen with him (based on a determination by the Fourth Lateran Council in A.D. 1215) became his Demons.
Accursed by God and doomed to eternal torment themselves, Satan and his legions found a new vocation in the temptation and corruption of man. With nothing better to occupy their time, they resolved to take out their "great wrath" on those mortals too foolish or sinful to resist their lures and temptations.
Unfortunately, as the world's sad history will attest, there was never a shortage of recruits.
The Watchers
In addition to the recount above, there is another story based on 1 Enoch (a Hebrew book that did not find its way into the Old Testament), wherein there was once an order of angels known as The Watchers. It was their job to watch over the affairs of men - the key words being "watch over". No meddling, no touching, no direct contact - just watching.
Bad move as per this recount: "And it came to pass, when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, that the Sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose. . ." (-- Genesis 6:1-2)
The Watchers not only came to earth and mated with human females, they also instructed them in the forbidden and arcane arts of botany, astrology, and astronomy. Further, they showed them how to make magic and weapons, and how to use cosmetics. God was not a happy camper at this point!
His displeasure increased considerably when the offspring of these matings were born into the world. They turned out not to be angles, but monsters who became great giants that killed and ate any unlucky humans that they caught. And should there be no humans about, they killed and ate each other.
Once again, God enlisted Michael to round up the fallen angles while God wiped out the giants. Michael imprisoned these fallen angels in the valleys of the Earth where they stay until the time came for them to be hurled into the everlasting fire. Thus according to the information stitched together from Genesis and Enoch, it was these underground angels that would comprise Lucifer's rebel army.
There are many other accounts of the way in which Lucifer and the other "fallen angels" met their fate, how many there were, their ages, how long they would live. But despite the best reckonings of philosophers and others, these answers remain elusive.
(it is in my opinion that the fallen was lucifers personal legion against god and all that he had power and control over)
www.christinamwilliams.com/Business/Neanderthal.htm
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