Minor Gods & Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
Minor Gods & Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
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Maat (or Ma'at)-the personification of all the elements of cosmic harmony as established by the Creator-God at the beginning of time-including truth, justice, law, world order and moral integrity.
Maat is shown as a lady wearing on her head an ostrich feather. The seated image of Maat was held in pharaoh’s hand like a doll and was presented as an offering to the Gods. This meant that the king was the representative of divine order since Maat was seen as legitimizing their authority to govern and to uphold the laws of the universe which she embodied. Judges were regarded as priests of Maat. In the hall of judgement at the weighing of the heart the heart of the deceased was placed on the scales of justice balanced against the feather of Maat, symbol of justice.
Bastet-a feline goddess, daughter of the sun god “Ra”. Bastet was originally a lion goddess, but after 1000 B.C. as her cult developed, she became more associated with the cat and was considered to be the center counterpart of the lion goddess Sekhmet.
Cats could be observed skilfully hunting and catching snakes, which had special relevance for the Egyptians since the snake was the symbol of Apophis, the demonic enemy of the sun god Ra. So cats became animals sacred to the solar deity. Bastet was especially worshipped at her temple at Bubastis (“the house of Bastet”). As a sun goddess, Bastet was the goddess of plenty and the mistress of pleasure. The celebrating of her festivals were renowned for being the most lavish of all the gods of Egypt. Bastet was also associated with the moon and in myth became the eye of the moon. The Greeks associated her with the Greek goddess Artemis. She is usually depicted as a cat-headed woman. In one hand she holds either a sistrum, a kind of musical rattle, or an aegis, in her other hand she often carries a basket.
The first reference to the domestic cat appears in the eleventh dynasty. Because it was hostile to snakes, it became a sacred animal of the Sun God. In the New Kingdom, the male cat was regarded as an incarnation of the Sun God and the female cat was equated with the solar eye. Feline figures may display a scarab, the symbol of the rising sun, engraved on the head or breast thus showing their solar significance. The domestic cat attained special significance as the sacred animal of the Goddess Bastet. Hundreds of figures were set up as votive offerings in the temple at Bubastis in order that the donor might share in the Goddess's grace. Actual mummies of cats were buried by the thousands in special cemeteries in the area.
Heqet-(sometimes spelled Heket) was represented in the form of an Egyptian frog or with a frog’s head and was worshipped especially in the town of Hew-Wer as the female complement of Khnum.
Together with other Gods she assisted in fashioning the child in the womb and presided over the birth in her capacity of midwife. Amulets and scarabs worn by women to protect them during childbirth often bear the image of the Frog Goddess. The life-giving powers of Heket enabled her to be adopted as a benign deity fit to accompany Osiris, in whose temble at Abidos she receives wine from King Seti I and is labelled “Mistress of the Two Lands”.
Sekhmet-Together with her husband Ptah and her son Nefertem, Sekhmet made up the Memphis Triad. Her name meant "The Mighty One".
Her nature being that of a Goddess of War, she accompanied the King to battle and was often described as his mother. She spread terror everywhere; the henchmen of Seth and even the serpent Apophis succumbed to her. Sekhmet was represented as a lioness or as a woman with lion's head. Her weapons were arrows "with which she pierces hearts" and a fiery glow emanated from her body. The hot desert winds were regarded as the Goddess's hot breath. She was connected with the fire-spitting Uraeus of the King and thereby became the "Eye of Ra". Sekhmet was also regarded as the one "Great of Magic" whose knowledge of sorcery gave her a place in the service of healing.
Bes(aka Aha) was an ancient Egyptian protector god, known as the defender of households, mothers, and newborns. He was unique in appearance, being a very short, muscular man(a dwarf) and depicted as forward-facing(unlike most Egyptian art shown in profile), in order to face the viewer directly to scare away evil. He was often depicted as sticking his tongue out or snarling and had a large belly, bowed legs, and wore a lion or leopard skin with a tail and mane.
He guarded pregnant women and babies from bad spirits by dancing, shouting, and playing music and was also associated with humor, dancing, drinking, and music. Loved by all classes of people, his image was carved on beds, mirrors, and vases for daily safety. His face adorned the entranceways to houses, meant to ward off pests, poisonous insects and disease from entering the home. We also find his image on bed-posts, to ensure a safe and restful night's sleep for the occupant, free from nightmares. Pilgrims would spend the night in incubation chambers covered with images of Bes and Beset to cure themselves of infertility or impotence.
Taweretwas an ancient Egyptian protective goddess of childbirth, fertility, and motherhood, depicted as a fierce hybrid of a pregnant hippopotamus, a lion, and a Nile crocodile. Her name translates to "she who is great". She was often shown holding or resting upon the sa symbol, which means "protection", or brandishing a magical knife.
Widely venerated in homes rather than official state temples, Taweret was placed on amulets, headrests, and vases to protect pregnant women and newborns. The goddess used fierce imagery to scare away demons and malevolent spirits that threatened women during labor and early childhood. A true protector, she was also viewed by some traditions as a guardian and helper in the netherworld, assisting souls in rebirth.
Sobek
Sobek is an ancient Egyptian crocodile god associated with water, the Nile River, military strength, and fertility. He is usually shown as a man with the head of a Nile crocodile or as a full crocodile. He is often seen wearing a plumed crown with ram horns and a sun disk as a headdress and holding the Ankh (symbol of life) and the Was scepter (symbol of power) in hand.
Sobek’s nickname is "the Raging One" because he’s known to “take women from their husbands whenever he wishes according to his desire.
His main worship center was at Shedet, which the Greeks named Crocodilopolis. He also shared a major dual temple in Kom Ombo with the god Horus. Priests kept live sacred crocodiles in temple pools, fed them meat, and adorned them with jewels. After death, these crocodiles were mummified.
Khepri is an Egyptian god associated with the [morning] sun, dawn, creation, and rebirth. He is symbolized by the scarab beetle and described as a black scarab, or dung beetle, or a man with one for his head. The name Khephri comes from Kheper, meaning 'to come into being' or 'to transform'.
Male scarabs push around small balls of dung. Egyptians watched the beetles roll balls of dung and imagined Khepri rolling the sun across the sky every morning. The beetles were also a symbol of resurrection because they seemed to emerge from inert matter or dung; thus, Khepri(being the scarab-headed god and personification of the beetle) symbolized rebirth and the passage into the afterlife.
Ancient Egyptians wore scarab amulets and placed them inside mummies to guarantee protection and a safe rebirth.
Khonsu
Egyptian god and embodiment of the moon, time, and vengeance, their name means "traveler", aligning with the moon's nightly journey across the sky. He was worshipped as a lunar deity, a healer, a protector of travelers in the dark, and a marker of the passage of time.
Early pyramid texts sometimes portrayed him with a fierce or terrifying side, though he evolved into a benevolent guardian.
He is a member of the Heliopolitan pantheon (the Ennead) and, in ancient Thebes, part of a divine family(Theben Triad) with his mother, Mut, and father, Amun.
Tefnut
The ancient Egyptian goddess of moisture, dew, rain, and wetness, Tefnut often appears as a woman with the head of a lioness, or entirely as a lion, who wears a sun disk encircled by a cobra (uraeus). She ats as the fiery Eye of Ra, representing the burning heat of the sun or a protective flame.
She was born when the creator god Atum(aka Ra)spat her out, while her twin brother, Shu, was sneezed out. She is partner and sister of Shu (the god of dry air) and mother of Geb (earth) and Nut (sky).
Babi
The ancient Egyptian god of aggression and the baboon, known as the "bull of the baboons" or chief alpha male. Ancient Egyptians connected baboons with the dead, making Babi a fierce god of the Duat (the underworld).
A "devourer of souls", he was seen as bloodthirsty and omnivorous. He stood by a lake of fire to eat the entrails and souls of the unrighteousness failed the weighing of the heart against Ma'at.
Neith
An ancient Egyptian goddess of war, hunting, weaving, and creation, and one of the oldest deities in the Egyptian pantheon. She was symbolized by a shield with crossed arrows or bows, earning titles like the "Mistress of the Bows".
Frequently portrayed holding a bow, arrows, or a scepter, she also wore the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and protected canopic jars, specifically guarding Duamutef (one of the four sons of Horus). Ancient texts from Sais and Esna describe her as a primordial creator who birthed the sun god Ra and the crocodile god Sobek. As a goddess associated with weaving, she crafted the bandages used in mummification. She was often sought out by other deities for her help resolving divine disputes.
Hapi
Known as the "Lord of the Fish and Birds of the Marshes" and "Lord of the River Bringing Vegetation", Hapi is the ancient Egyptian god of the annual flooding(inundation) of the Nile River, and is associated with fertility, life, and abundance.
Hapi was depicted as an androgynous or male figure with blue or green skin (representing water and fertile vegetation), a large prominent belly, and drooping breasts (symbolizing nourishment and abundance). He was sometimes a symbol of unification of Egypt, often shown tying together the lotus (symbol of Upper Egypt) and the papyrus (symbol of Lower Egypt) to represent the unity of the two lands. He was highly celebrated through festivals and prayers across Egypt, particularly near Aswan, though no major dedicated temple has been found.
Nefertemis the ancient Egyptian god of the blue lotus flower, perfume, healing, and the first sunlight of creation. He represented the first kight of dawn and the scent of the lotus(The lotus closing at night and opening at sunrise made him a symbol of eternal resurrection and daily rebirth).
He is usually shown as a handsome young man with a blue lotus blossom framing his head or wearing a plumed headdress. Because of his mother Sekhmet, he was sometimes depicted as a lion or a man with a lion's head.
His creation story states that he emerged from the primordial waters of Nun at the beginning of time inside a blue water-lily.
Part of the Memphite triad, he was the son of the creator god Ptah and the warrior goddess Sekhmet (or Bastet).
One myth says he wept because he was alone, and his tears turned into human beings.
Heka
The ancient Egyptian god and personification of magic, medicine, and the primordial creative force of the universe. The god or Heka itself was depicted as a man holding two intertwined serpents, a knife, a staff, or carrying a crook, flail, and ankh.
The Hieroglyph was written with a twisted strand of flax (often representing intertwined snakes) combined with a pair of raised arms representing the ka (vital life force).
According to Coffin Texts, Heka existed before duality and the creation of the world. He was viewed as the fundamental energy that empowered all deities, helping the sun god Re on his daily journey and maintaining cosmic order (ma'at).
Unlike many other divine forces, heka was a tool and power that common people, physicians, and priests could harness through rituals and spoken words. Doctors in ancient Egypt were frequently known as "priests of Heka" because healing was deeply intertwined with magical and spiritual practices
Serket
The ancient Egyptian goddess of scorpions, healing, and protection against venomous stings and bites. Her name means "she who causes the throat to breathe," referring to her power to cure the suffocating or paralyzing effects of venom.
Seshat was the ancient Egyptian goddess of writing, wisdom, architecture, and record-keeping.
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